Influence of Watching 3D Television on Refractive Error in Children with Exodeviation

Hye Jin Seo; Seung Hyun Kim; Young Woo Suh; Yong Min Choi; Eun Joo Yoo; Ji Yun Han; Ki Tae Nam; Yoon Ae Cho

doi:10.3341/jkos.2014.55.10.1525

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Seo, Kim, Suh, Choi, Yoo, Han, , Nam, and Cho: Influence of Watching 3D Television on Refractive Error in Children with Exodeviation

Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(10):1525-1529.

Published online: 2 September 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2014.55.10.1525

Influence of Watching 3D Television on Refractive Error in Children with Exodeviation

Hye Jin Seo, MD¹, Seung Hyun Kim, MD, PhD¹, Young Woo Suh, MD, PhD¹, Yong Min Choi, MD¹, Eun Joo Yoo, MD¹, Ji Yun Han, MD¹, , MD, PhD, Ki Tae Nam, MD¹, Yoon Ae Cho, MD, PhD²

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

²Nune Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Address reprint requests to Seung Hyun Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Anam Hospital, #73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea, Tel: 82-2-920-5520, Fax: 82-2-924-6820 E-mail: ansaneye@hanmail.net

Received 18 April 2014 Revised 10 June 2014 Accepted 29 August 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the effects of watching three-dimensional (3D) television (TV) on the angle of deviation and refractive error in children with exodeviation.

Methods

Twenty-three volunteers with exodeviation, aged 6 to 12 years, without any ocular abnormalities other than refractive error and exodeviation were recruited for this study. The subjects watched 3D TV for 50 minutes at a viewing distance of 2.8 meters. The image disparity of 3D contents was −1 to 1 degree. Refractive errors were measured before and immediately after watching TV and after a 10-minute rest. The changes in angle of deviation were also obtained. Refractive errors and angle of deviation before and after watching 3D TV were compared.

Results

The mean age of the subjects was 9.30 ± 1.58 years. The mean baseline angle of deviation was 13.04 ± 5.25 (6-30) prism diopters (PD), which did not change significantly immediately after watching 3D TV and after a 10-minute rest (p = 0.452). The mean refractive errors were −2.15 ± 1.55 D in the right eye and −2.06 ± 1.55 D in the left eye before and changed to −2.14 ± 1.57 D and −2.11 ± 1.45 D, respectively, immediately after watching 3D TV. After a 10 minute rest, the mean refractive errors were 2.14 ± 1.53 D in the right eye and −2.07 ± 1.53 D in the left eye. All changes in refractive errors were not statistically significant (p = 0.991 in right eye, 0.495 in left eye). The amount of myopic shift in both eyes immediately after watching 3D TV was correlated with the angle of exodeviation (r = 0.468, p = 0.024). However, the correlation disappeared after a 10-minute rest (r = 0.345, p = 0.107).

Conclusions

Watching properly made 3D contents on 3D TV for 50 minutes at more than 2.8 meters of viewing distance did not affect the refractive error in children with exodeviation. Further studies on the relationship between the amount of myopic shift and the angle of exodeviation are necessary.

Keywords: Exodeviation, Exotropia, Myopic shift, Refractive error, Three-dimensional imaging

References

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Figure 1.

Correlation between the amount of myopic shift in both eyes immediately after watching 3D TV and the baseline angle of exodeviation.

Table 1.

Change in the refractive error (diopter) and the angle of exodeviation (prism diopter) after watching 3D TV

	Before watching 3D TV	Immediately after watching 3D TV	After a 10-minute rest	p-value
Angle of exodeviation (prism diopter)	13.04 ± 5.25	12.96 ± 5.11	12.61 ± 5.37	0.452
Refractive error (right eye) (diopter)	−2.15 ± 1.55	−2.14 ± 1.57	−2.14 ± 1.53	0.991
Refractive error (left eye) (diopter)	−2.06 ± 1.55	−2.11 ± 1.45	−2.07 ± 1.53	0.495

Repeated measure ANOVA; Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 2.

Correlation coefficient between the amount of myopic shift immediately after watching 3D TV and the baseline angle of exodeviation

Changes immediately after watching 3D TV	Correlation coefficient between each variables and the baseline angle of exodeviation (r^*)	p-value
Change in angle of exodeviation	−0.355	0.097
Amount of myopic shift (right eye)	0.304	0.158
Amount of myopic shift (left eye)	0.309	0.152
Amount of myopic shift (both eyes)	0.468	0.024^†

^* Spearman rank correlation coefficient;

^† p-value < 0.05.

Table 3.

Correlation coefficient between the amount of myopic shift after a 10-minute rest and the baseline angle of exodeviation

Changes after a 10-minute rest	Correlation coefficient between each variables and the baseline angle of exodeviation (r^*)	p-value
Change in angle of exodeviation	0.027	0.903
Amount of myopic shift (right eye)	0.264	0.224
Amount of myopic shift (left eye)	0.355	0.096
Amount of myopic shift (both eyes)	0.345	0.107

^* Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

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