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Kim, Kim, Lee, and Lee: The Posterior Choroidal Profiles Measured by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Korean Children
Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2013;54(11):1708-1714.

Published online: 2 September 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2013.54.11.1708

The Posterior Choroidal Profiles Measured by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Korean Children

Jee Hyun Kim, MD, Jin Seon Kim, MD, Kyoo Won Lee, MD, PhD, Jung Ho Lee, MD

Cheil Eye Hospital, Daegu, Korea

Address reprint requests to Jung Ho Lee, MD, Cheil Eye Hospital, #1 Ayang-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-820, Korea, Tel: 82-53-959-1751, Fax: 82-53-959-1758, E-mail: eyejholee@hotmail.com

Received 25 May 2013       Revised 26 July 2013       Accepted 17 October 2013

Copyright © 2013 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

We assessed changes of the choroidal thickness in healthy Korean children using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and evaluated the association of choroidal thickness and axial length.

Methods

Seventy-nine eyes (79 children) within ±1 diopter spherical equivalent underwent horizontal and vertical scan using EDI OCT. Two observers determined independently the choroidal thickness at 1 mm intervals from 3 mm nasal and 4 mm temporal to the fovea and 1 mm superior and inferior to the fovea using the manual caliper provided by the device software. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate variations of choroidal thickness at each location and to correlate choroidal thickness and axial length. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated.

Results

The subjects’ mean age was 7.67 years. The mean axial length was 22.96 mm and mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 296.13 pm. The thinnest choroidal thickness was 160.57 pm at 3 mm nasal to the fovea and the thickest was 319.49 pm at 4 mm temporal to the fovea. The choroidal thickness at 1 mm superior (294.70 pm) and inferior (287.11 pm) to the fovea showed no statistical significance compared with the subfoveal choroidal thickness. The mean choroidal thickness was thicker at 3 mm and 2 mm nasal to the fovea in eyes with shorter than the mean axial length (p < 0.05). For the assessment of intra-observer reproducibility, the ICC ranged from 0.995 to 0.998 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The choroidal thickness increased from the nasal to the temporal direction at the posterior pole and eyes with shorter axial lengths tended to present thicker choroids at the nasal area in healthy Korean children.

Keywords: Choroidal Thickness, Healthy Korean Children, SD-OCT

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Figure 1.
Scatterplot of axial length and keratometry of all subjects shows a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05).
jkos-54-1708f1.tif
Figure 2.
Horizontal (A) and vertical (B) choroidal thickness profile. N3* = nasal 3000 μm; N2* = nasal 2000 μm; N1* = nasal 1000 μm; T1* = temporal 1000 μm; T2* = temporal 2000 μm; T3* = temporal 3000 μm; T4* = temporal 4000 μm; S1 = superior 1000 μm; I1 † = inferior 1000 μm.
jkos-54-1708f2.tif
Table 1.
Demographics of patients
Overall (range)
Number of eyes 79
Sex (Male : Female) 35 : 44
Age (years) 7.67 ± 2.11 (3∼ 12)
Corneal keratometry (diopter) 42.95 ± 1.30 (39.75∼47.50)
Spherical equivalent (diopter) −0.03 ± 0.56 (-1.00∼+1.00)
Axial length (mm) 22.96 ± 0.77 (20.89∼24.89)
Subfoveal choroidal thickness (μm) 296.13 ± 61.36 (282.38∼309.87)

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 2.
Choroidal thickness according to Age, Axial length (AL), and Sex at each location
N3 N2 N1 Subfoveal T1 T2 T3 T4
Mean choroidal thickness (μm) 160.57 ± 50.86 209.19 ± 59.51 256.90 ± 61.01 296.13 ± 61.36 302.77 ± 59.75 307.68 ± 55.98 314.33 ± 62.38 319.49 ± 74.61
 p-value* <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Age (years)
 3-9 166.99 ± 53.30 212.19 ± 61.66 259.92 ± 62.11 297.75 ± 57.46 302.77 ± 57.46 308.02 ± 53.52 315.23 ± 55.72 323.13 ± 69.78
 10-12 141.74 ± 30.30 210.71 ± 49.88 249.35 ± 58.47 290.85 ± 66.35 303.91 ± 67.62 310.00 ± 63.68 314.38 ± 81.74 308.97 ± 90.11
 p-value 0.056 0.456 0.498 0.770 0.921 0.918 0.880 0.501
AL (mm)
 <22.96 175.24 ± 56.33 223.79 ± 60.10 268.48 ± 56.43 306.00 ± 52.19 310.28 ± 51.80 312.11 ± 46.13 317.30 ± 50.75 325.33 ± 68.07
 ≥22.96 146.79 ± 37.92 194.97 ± 55.07 245.96 ± 64.55 285.76 ± 67.86 295.18 ± 66.40 304.49 ± 64.45 312.62 ± 72.37 315.14 ± 80.10
 p-value 0.011 0.033 0.104 0.109 0.264 0.453 0.762 0.580
Sex
 Male 156.54 ± 43.51 207.29 ± 54.80 259.17 ± 62.62 301.67 ± 65.84 304.27 ± 61.38 305.29 ± 54.61 312.11 ± 56.28 314.16 ± 69.61
 Female 165.55 ± 54.98 212.03 ± 62.94 256.43 ± 60.60 291.97 ± 56.66 302.02 ± 58.42 310.95 ± 56.65 317.39 ± 66.33 325.68 ± 77.98
 p-value* 0.469 0.713 0.884 0.509 0.775 0.677 0.778 0.550

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

AL = axial length; N3 = nasal 3000 μm; N2 = nasal 2000 μm; N1 = nasal 1000 μm; T1 = temporal 1000 μm; T2 = temporal 2000 μm; T3 = temporal 3000 μm; T4 = temporal 4000 μm.

* One-way ANOVA.

Table 3.
Multiple linear regression model with stepwise selection for subfoveal choroidal thickness by age, sex, axial length, spher- ical equivalent, and corneal keratometry
Factor Coefficient Standardized coefficient p-value
Intercept 799.158 − −
Axial length −21.91 −0.275 0.014
Age − − 0.610
Sex − − 0.837
Spherical equivalent − − 0.148
Corneal keratometry − − 0.389

Subfoveal choroidal thickness = 799.158+(-21.91 × Axial length) (F: 6.298, p=0.014, R2 = 0.064).

Table 4.
Reproducibility of the choroidal thickness by two observers at each location
Intraclass correlation coefficient 95% Confidence interval p-value
N3 0.996 0.994-0.998 <0.001
N2 0.997 0.996-0.998 <0.001
N1 0.996 0.994-0.998 <0.001
Subfoveal 0.996 0.994-0.998 <0.001
T1 0.996 0.994-0.997 <0.001
T2 0.995 0.993-0.997 <0.001
T3 0.997 0.995-0.998 <0.001
T4 0.998 0.997-0.999 <0.001

N3 = nasal 3000 μm; N2 = nasal 2000 μm; N1 = nasal 1000 μm; T1 = temporal 1000 μm; T2 = temporal 2000 μm; T3 = temporal 3000 μm; T4 = temporal 4000 μm.

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