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Lee, Kim, Lee, and Lee: Epidemiological Profiles of Industrial Ocular Injuries
Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2013;54(1):136-142.

Published online: 25 September 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2013.54.1.136

Epidemiological Profiles of Industrial Ocular Injuries

Ji Eun Lee, MD, Soo Young Kim, MD, Seung Uk Lee, MD, Sang Joon Lee, MD

Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

Address reprint requests to Sang Joon Lee, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital #262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-702, Korea Tel: 82-51-990-6215, Fax: 82-51-990-3026, E-mail: hhiatus@gmail.com

Received 7 July 2012       Accepted 21 August 2012

Copyright © 2013 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of industrial ocular trauma for treatment application and prevention.

Methods

A retrospective survey of 207 eyes from 206 patients who visited Gosin University Gospel Hospital from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2007 was performed. The age, sex, diagnosis, causes, injury site, primary ocular surgery, duration of hospitalization and treatment, and initial and final visual acuities were reviewed using the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR) form based on the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT).

Results

The trauma incidence was higher in males (95.65%) in their forties (50.24%). The mean patient age was 41.5 years. Separately counted lesions were presented as a proportion to total injured eyes. The most common diagnosis of industrial ocular traumas was global injuries (124.1%), orbital wall fractures (6.3%), adnexal trauma (5.3%) and optic nerve injuries (3.4%). The most common cause of ocular injuries was flying iron piece (28.67%), and the cornea was the most frequent injured site (69.1%). In 43% of the patients, surgical treatments were performed and the most common surgery was primary closure of the cornea or sclera (82.02%), followed by vitrectomy (30.33%). The average of initial and final visual acuity (log MAR) was 1.2 and 0.93, respectively. In 69.7% of all patients, the final visual acuity was improved or stabilized compared to the initial status.

Conclusions

Flying objects are still the most frequent cause of industrial ocular trauma and in approximately 70% of all patients, the final visual outcome improved or stabilized compared to the initial status. These types of ocular traumas can be significantly reduced by wearing protector shields along with educational safety programs.

Keywords: Epidemiological profile, Industrial ocular injury

References

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Figure 1.
Ocular traumas grouped according to the main cause of injury.
jkos-54-136f1.tif
Table 1.
Sex and age distribution of ocular injured patients
Age (yrs) 21–31 31–40 41–50 51–60 61- Total (%)
No. of Male eye 20 (9.9) 103 (52.15) 49 (24.75) 21 (10.56) 5 (2.64) 198 (95.65)
No. of Female eye 2 (22.22) 1 (11.11) 3 (33.33) 2 (22.22) 1 (11.11) 9 (4.35)
Total (%) 22 (10.63) 104 (50.24) 52 (25.12) 23 (11.11) 6 (2.9) 207 (100.0)
Table 2.
The frequency of tissue types experiencing trauma in patients
Injured site No. of injured eye (%)
Lids 10 (4.8)
Lacrimal System 1 (0.5)
Cornea 143 (69.1)
Sclera 29 (14)
Iris 13 (6.3)
Anterior Chamber 29 (14)
Lens 24 (11.6)
Vitreous 10 (4.8)
Retina 9 (4.3)
Orbital wall 13 (6.3)
Optic Nerve 7 (3.4)
Total (%) 290 (139.1)
Table 3.
Specific causes for ocular injuries
Source of causes No. of injured eye (%)
Iron piece 59 (28.50)
Metal bar 22 (10.62)
Handsaw piece 21 (10.14)
Wire 17 (8.21)
Chemical 16 (7.72)
Wooden stick 14 (6.76)
Explosion 6 (2.89)
Hot water 6 (2.89)
Gas 6 (2.89)
Stone 5 (2.41)
Rubber 5 (2.41)
Electric spark 5 (2.41)
Glass 2 (0.96)
Falling down 1 (0.48)
Other 22 (10.62)
Total (%) 207 (100)
Table 4.
Traumatic tissue frequency in patients experiencing open globe trauma
Type of tissue damage No. of injured eye (%)
Anterior segment involvement  
   Corneal laceration 62 (63.27)
   Hyphema 27 (27.55)
   Traumatic cataract 29 (29.59)
   Lens capsule rupture 23 (23.47)
Posterior segment involvement  
   Incarceration 33 (33.67)
   Vitreous hemorrhage 31 (31.63)
   Scleral laceration 25 (25.51)
   Prolapse of intraocular tissue 23 (23.47)
   Corneal and scleral laceration 11 (11.22)
   Retinal tear 11 (11.22)
   Intraocular foreign body 8 (8.16)
   Retinal detachment 8 (8.16)
   Optic nerve injury 1 (1.02)
Total (%) 292 (297.94)
Table 5.
The frequency of treatment types applied to injured eyes
Type No. of injured eye (%)
Primary closure 73 (82.02)
Vitrectomy 27 (30.33)
Lensectomy 13 (14.60)
ECCE 9 (10.11)
Foreign body removal 8 (8.98)
Phacoemulsification 7 (7.86)
Scleral buckling 7 (7.86)
Enucleation and evisceration 2 (2.24)
Total (%) 146 (164)

ECCE = extracapsular cataract extraction.

Table 6.
Final visual outcomes by type of injury in open globe injuries
Final visual acuity* Type of Injury
Penetrating IOFB Rupture Perforating
Cases (%) Cases (%) Cases (%) Cases (%)
≥20/40 31 (67.0) 5 (62.5) 8 (34.2) 0
20/50–5/200 12 (24.5) 1 (12.5) 5 (21.8) 1 (20.0)
<5/200-LP 3 (7.0) 2 (25.0) 7 (31.0) 3 (60.0)
NLP 1 (1.5) 0 2 (8.3) 0
Enucleation 0 0 1 (4.7) 1 (20.0)

LP = light perception; NLP = no light perception.

* Values are presented as snellen chart visual acuity.

Table 7.
Final visual outcomes by grade of injury in open globe injuries
Final visual acuity* Initial visual acuity*
≥20/40
 20/50–20/100
 19/100–5/200
 <5/200-LP
 NLP
Cases (%) Cases (%) Cases (%) Cases (%) Cases (%)
≥20/40 12 (92.0)) 7 (77.8) 9 (64.3) 16 (38.1) 0
20/50–5/200 1 (8.0) 2 (22.2) 4 (28.6) 12 (28.6) 0
<5/200-LP 0 0 1 (7.1) 12 (28.6) 2 (40.0)
NLP 0 0 0 2 (4.7) 1 (20.0)
Enucleation 0 0 0 0 2 (40.0)

LP = light perception; NLP = no light perception.

* Values are presented as snellen chart visual acuity.

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