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Kwon, Kang, Kim, Suh, Oh, Kim, Kim, and Song: The Ocular Fatigue of Watching Three-Dimensional (3D) Images
Original Article
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society

Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2012; 53(7): 941-946.

Published online: 13 July 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2012.53.7.941

The Ocular Fatigue of Watching Three-Dimensional (3D) Images

Junki Kwon, MD1, Su-Yeon Kang, MD1, Kyun-Hyung Kim, MD2, Young-Woo Suh, MD, PhD1, Jae Ryung Oh, MD, PhD1, Seung-Hyun Kim, MD, PhD1, Hyo-Myung Kim, MD, PhD1, Jong-Suk Song, MD, PhD1

1Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea.

Address reprint requests to Jong-Suk Song, MD, PhD. Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-703, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2626-1260, Fax: 82-2-857-8580, crisim@korea.ac.kr

Received 19 September 2011       Accepted 4 May 2012

Copyright © 2012 The Korean Ophthalmological Society

Abstract

Purpose

To compare ocular fatigue, non-ocular symptoms, and ocular surface changes, such as tear break-up time (BUT) and ocular surface temperature, after watching 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) images.

Methods

Fourteen volunteers were enrolled in the present study. Subjects watched 2D as well as 3D images and answered questions regarding ocular fatigue and general symptoms such as headache. Before and after watching images, the spherical equivalent, degree of conjunctival injection, tear BUT, and ocular surface temperature were measured and the amount of change was analyzed. While watching images, subjects answered questions regarding ocular fatigue and the time when they began to feel definitive symptoms.

Results

Watching 3D images induced a greater degree of ocular fatigue, headache, and decreasing concentration than watching 2D images (p = 0.038, 0.003, and 0.045, respectively). While watching images, 3D images induced a greater degree of ocular fatigue than 2D images and caused subjects to feel earlier ocular fatigue (3D: 54.86 min, 2D: 78.57 min, p = 0.002). Spherical equivalents became more myopic after watching 3D images.

Conclusions

After watching 3D images, a greater degree of ocular fatigue, headache, and decreasing concentration was induced and a shorter time to feel definitive ocular fatigue was observed than after watching 2D images. In addition, spherical equivalents changed myopically after watching 3D images.

Keywords: Ocular fatigue, Three-dimensional (3D) image

Figures and Tables

Figure 1
Ocular fatigue while watching 2 D and 3 D images.
jkos-53-941-g001
Figure 2
Changes of spherical equivalents (diopter) after watching 2D and 3D images.
jkos-53-941-g002
Table 1
Changes of ocular fatigue and non-ocular symptoms after watching 2D and 3D images
jkos-53-941-i001

Values are stated as mean ± SD.

*Paired t-test.

Table 2
Changes of ocular objective indices after watching 2D and 3D images
jkos-53-941-i002

Values are stated as mean ± SD.

*Paired t-test.

Table 3
Correlation coefficients and p-values between distant stereoacuity and variables for watching 3D images
jkos-53-941-i003

*Pearsons' correlation analysis.

Appendix

Appendix 1

Questionnaire for evaluating ocular fatigue

jkos-53-941-a001

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