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Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of age wearing prescription glasses on changes in refractive error in accommodative esotropia
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 63 patients with accommodative esotropia. The patients were divided into three groups according to their age when glasses were prescribed. Changes of the refractive error between the three groups were compared.
Results
The mean age at the first visit was 4.1±2.0 years and the mean follow‐ up period was 5.7±2.7 years. In children that began wearing glasses before two years of age, the spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error initially increased, peaked 2.5 years after starting to wear glasses, and slowly decreased thereafter. In children who started wearing glasses after two years but not before four years of age the SE refractive error increased and peaked 1.5 years after starting to wear glasses. For children who began wearing glasses after four years of age the SE refractive error increased and peaked after one year. Changes in the refractive error in the youngest age group were significantly different from the other two groups (p=0.064).
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References
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 | Figure 1.SE refractive error in the right eyes according to the time after glasses prescribed. Increased SE refractive error was observed prior to 1 year after the glasses were prescribed. After then, the SE refractive error started to decrease continuously throughout the last follow-up. (SE=spherical equivalent) |
 | Figure 2.Spherical equivalent refractive error according to the time after glasses prescribed (Group 1: children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age, Group 2: children prescribed glasses at 2 to<4 years of age, Group 3: children prescribed glasses at 4-8 years of age). In the children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age, the SE refractive error increased initially and peaked 2.5 years after glasses prescribed. In the children prescribed glasses after 2 years of age, there was earlier peak of the SE refractive error than the children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age and gradual decrease of the SE refractive error after the peak. However, the SE refractive error in the youngest age group also showed continuous decrease in later years. (SE=spherical equivalent) |
 | Figure 3.Spherical equivalent refractive error according to the time after glasses prescribed (Group 1: children with initial SE refractive error of<6D, Group 2: children with initial SE refractive error of 6-9D). Compared to the lower initial hyperopic SE group, relatively small amount of decrease of SE refractive error was observed in the higher initial hyperopic SE group. (SE=spherical equivalent; D=diopter) |
Table 1.
Patient characteristics of three age groups
| Age when spectacles prescribed (years) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| <2 | 2 to <4 | 4 - 8 | |
| Number of patients | 8 | 34 | 21 |
| Age at onset (months) | 14±5.88 | 31.50±6.81 | 50.62±14.37 |
| Initial SE* refractive error (D) | |||
| OD | 5.66±1.88 | 4.94±1.78 | 4.95±2.07 |
| OS | 5.69±1.84 | 5.00±1.75 | 5.01±1.65 |
| Presence of amblyopia (No) | |||
| OD | 2/8 (25%) | 7/34 (21%) | 4/21 (19%) |
| OS | 2/8 (25%) | 6/34 (18%) | 4/21 (19%) |
| Angle of deviation (esodeviation, prism diopter) | 32.51±12.97 | 31.94.±14.81 | 30.12±11.54 |
Table 2.
Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error in right eye according to the time after glasses prescribed according to age when glasses were prescribed
|
Age when glasses prescribed (years) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Time interval after glasses prescribed (years) |
<2 |
2 to <4 |
4 - 8 |
| SE* refraction in right eye (D†) | SE refraction in right eye (D) | SE refraction in right eye (D) | |
| Mean± SD‡ | Mean± SD | Mean± SD | |
| <0.5 | 5.66±1.88 | 4.94±1.78 | 4.95±2.07 |
| 0.5-1 | 6.02±1.50 | 4.96±1.87 | 5.26±1.95 |
| 1-1.5 | 5.71±1.48 | 5.05±1.53 | 5.19±1.70 |
| 1.5-2 | 6.00±1.76 | 4.79±1.85 | 4.46±1.33 |
| 2-2.5 | 6.30±1.59 | 4.74±1.51 | 4.52±1.86 |
| 2.5-3 | 6.10±1.85 | 4.88±1.69 | 4.87±1.83 |
| 3-3.5 | 6.10±1.69 | 4.54±1.68 | 3.84±1.85 |
| 3.5-4 | 5.70±1.69 | 4.28±1.89 | 3.61±2.13 |
| 4-4.5 | 4.96±1.75 | 4.06±1.58 | 4.06±2.12 |
| 4.5-5 | 4.65±1.40 | 4.37±1.14 | 3.67±1.82 |
Table 3.
Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error in the right eye according to the time after glasses prescribed for children with initial SE refractive error of <6D and 6-9D
|
Initial SE refractive error |
||
|---|---|---|
| Time interval after glasses S prescribed (years) |
<6D |
6-9D |
|
SE* refraction in right eye (D†) |
SE refraction in right eye (D) |
|
| Mean± SD‡ | Mean± SD | |
| <0.5 | 4.87±1.14 | 7.04±0.93 |
| 0.5-1 | 4.63±1.10 | 7.18±0.96 |
| 1-1.5 | 4.34±0.94 | 6.70±0.89 |
| 1.5-2 | 3.99±1.22 | 6.54±0.93 |
| 2-2.5 | 3.78±1.13 | 6.42±1.02 |
| 2.5-3 | 3.86±1.12 | 6.51±1.19 |
| 3-3.5 | 3.41±1.33 | 6.46±1.17 |
| 3.5-4 | 3.20±1.24 | 6.53±0.90 |
| 4-4.5 | 3.07±1.29 | 5.95±0.91 |
| 4.5-5 | 2.78±1.21 | 5.36±0.98 |
Table 4.
Generalized linear mixed model for the change of mean spherical equivalent refractive error
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