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Park, Kim, and Oh: Effect of Age Wearing Prescription Glasses on Changes of Refractive Error in Accommodative Esotropia
Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(2):247-252.

Published online: 3 January 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2009.50.2.247

Effect of Age Wearing Prescription Glasses on Changes of Refractive Error in Accommodative Esotropia

Kyung-Ah Park, MD1, Sun‐Ah Kim, MD2, Sei Yeul Oh, MD1

1Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

2Saint ary’s Eye Hospital, Pusan, Korea

Address reprint requests to Sei Yeul Oh, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine #50 Ilwon‐dong, Gangnam‐gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea Tel: 82‐2‐3410‐3568, Fax: 82‐2‐3410‐0074, E-mail: syoh@skku.edu

Received 9 May 2008       Accepted 3 December 2008

Copyright © 2009 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of age wearing prescription glasses on changes in refractive error in accommodative esotropia

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 63 patients with accommodative esotropia. The patients were divided into three groups according to their age when glasses were prescribed. Changes of the refractive error between the three groups were compared.

Results

The mean age at the first visit was 4.1±2.0 years and the mean follow‐ up period was 5.7±2.7 years. In children that began wearing glasses before two years of age, the spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error initially increased, peaked 2.5 years after starting to wear glasses, and slowly decreased thereafter. In children who started wearing glasses after two years but not before four years of age the SE refractive error increased and peaked 1.5 years after starting to wear glasses. For children who began wearing glasses after four years of age the SE refractive error increased and peaked after one year. Changes in the refractive error in the youngest age group were significantly different from the other two groups (p=0.064).

Conclusions

The age when glasses are prescribed may influence normal emmetropization in accommodative esotropia. However, further studies with longer follow‐ ups will be needed to determine the effect of wearing glasses on the final SE refractive error.

Keywords: Accommodative esotropia, Glasses, Refractive error

References

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Figure 1.
SE refractive error in the right eyes according to the time after glasses prescribed. Increased SE refractive error was observed prior to 1 year after the glasses were prescribed. After then, the SE refractive error started to decrease continuously throughout the last follow-up. (SE=spherical equivalent)
jkos-50-247f1.tif
Figure 2.
Spherical equivalent refractive error according to the time after glasses prescribed (Group 1: children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age, Group 2: children prescribed glasses at 2 to<4 years of age, Group 3: children prescribed glasses at 4-8 years of age). In the children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age, the SE refractive error increased initially and peaked 2.5 years after glasses prescribed. In the children prescribed glasses after 2 years of age, there was earlier peak of the SE refractive error than the children prescribed glasses under 2 years of age and gradual decrease of the SE refractive error after the peak. However, the SE refractive error in the youngest age group also showed continuous decrease in later years. (SE=spherical equivalent)
jkos-50-247f2.tif
Figure 3.
Spherical equivalent refractive error according to the time after glasses prescribed (Group 1: children with initial SE refractive error of<6D, Group 2: children with initial SE refractive error of 6-9D). Compared to the lower initial hyperopic SE group, relatively small amount of decrease of SE refractive error was observed in the higher initial hyperopic SE group. (SE=spherical equivalent; D=diopter)
jkos-50-247f3.tif
Table 1.
Patient characteristics of three age groups
Age when spectacles prescribed (years)
<2 2 to <4 4 - 8
Number of patients 8 34 21
Age at onset (months) 14±5.88 31.50±6.81 50.62±14.37
Initial SE* refractive error (D)
　OD 5.66±1.88 4.94±1.78 4.95±2.07
　OS 5.69±1.84 5.00±1.75 5.01±1.65
Presence of amblyopia (No)
　OD 2/8 (25%) 7/34 (21%) 4/21 (19%)
　OS 2/8 (25%) 6/34 (18%) 4/21 (19%)
Angle of deviation (esodeviation, prism diopter) 32.51±12.97 31.94.±14.81 30.12±11.54

* SE=spherical equivalent.

Table 2.
Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error in right eye according to the time after glasses prescribed according to age when glasses were prescribed
Age when glasses prescribed (years)
Time interval after glasses prescribed (years) <2
 2 to <4
 4 - 8
SE* refraction in right eye (D†) SE refraction in right eye (D) SE refraction in right eye (D)
Mean± SD‡　 Mean± SD　 Mean± SD
<0.5 5.66±1.88 4.94±1.78 4.95±2.07
0.5-1 6.02±1.50 4.96±1.87 5.26±1.95
1-1.5 5.71±1.48 5.05±1.53 5.19±1.70
1.5-2 6.00±1.76 4.79±1.85 4.46±1.33
2-2.5 6.30±1.59 4.74±1.51 4.52±1.86
2.5-3 6.10±1.85 4.88±1.69 4.87±1.83
3-3.5 6.10±1.69 4.54±1.68 3.84±1.85
3.5-4 5.70±1.69 4.28±1.89 3.61±2.13
4-4.5 4.96±1.75 4.06±1.58 4.06±2.12
4.5-5 4.65±1.40 4.37±1.14 3.67±1.82

* SE=spherical equivalent;

† D=diopter;

‡ SD=standard deviation.

Table 3.
Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error in the right eye according to the time after glasses prescribed for children with initial SE refractive error of <6D and 6-9D
Initial SE refractive error
Time interval after glasses S prescribed (years) <6D
 6-9D
SE* refraction in right eye (D†)
 SE refraction in right eye (D)
Mean± SD‡ Mean± SD
<0.5 4.87±1.14 7.04±0.93
0.5-1 4.63±1.10 7.18±0.96
1-1.5 4.34±0.94 6.70±0.89
1.5-2 3.99±1.22 6.54±0.93
2-2.5 3.78±1.13 6.42±1.02
2.5-3 3.86±1.12 6.51±1.19
3-3.5 3.41±1.33 6.46±1.17
3.5-4 3.20±1.24 6.53±0.90
4-4.5 3.07±1.29 5.95±0.91
4.5-5 2.78±1.21 5.36±0.98

* SE=spherical equivalent;

† D=diopter;

‡ SD=standard deviation.

Table 4.
Generalized linear mixed model for the change of mean spherical equivalent refractive error
Effect Regression coefficient Standard deviation P-value
Age when glasses were prescribed 0.21 0.06 0.0010
Initial degree of hyperopic spherical equivalent 0.17 0.04 <0.0001
Initial angle of deviation -0.07 0.06 0.0746
Amblyopia 0.02 0.05 0.7546
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