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Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate antioxidative and preventive effects of sea tangle extract on selenite-induced cataract formation.
Methods
Eighty SD rat pups were randomized into 8 groups. Group 1 received no injection of reagent (normal); Group 2 to 8 received injection of selenite (15 μmol/Kg, s.c.) was injected. In group 2 (control) and group 3, normal saline (i.p.) and ascorbic acid (i.p.) was injected on days 3∼31. In groups 4∼8, sea tangle extract (i.p.) was injected at a concentration of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg, respectively. Development of cataract was assessed and photographed weekly under slit lamp. Rat lenses were analyzed for antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, an amino acid analysis of sea tangle extract was performed.
Results
Significant differences (p <0.05) were seen in cataract development in group 7. Dense nuclear cataracts developed in 8 of 10 of the control group (group 2); Group 4∼8 developed nuclear cataract with proportion of 6/10, 3/10, 2/10, 1/10, and 6/10 rats. In sea tangle injected group, levels of GPx were higher than in the ascorbic acid and control groups. In particular, group 7, injected with 100 mg/kg of sea tangle extract, showed significantly high level of enzyme. Results of the amino acid analysis showed sea tangle includes glutamate-glycine-cysteine, major constituents of glutathione (GSH).
References
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Figure 1.
Development selenite-induced cataract on the 4th day after sodium selenite injection. (A) External photograph of cataract development (B) Slit lamp photograph of cataract development. The central dense nuclerosclerosis cataract was found after sodium selenite injection.
Figure 2.
Slit lamp photograph of group 2 (control group) at the final follow-up (3 weeks after sodium selenite injection). Eight of 10 rats developed central nuclear cataract.
Figure 3.
Slit lamp photograph of group 7 (sea tangle extract 100 mg/kg injected) at the final follow-up (3 weeks after sodium selenite injection,). One of 10 rats developed central nuclear cataract as seen in the two top photographs and remaining 9 rats kept clear lenses as seen in the two bottom photographs.
Table 1.
The incidence of cataract development in each group. Group 7 (sea tangle extract 100 mg/kg) shows the lowest incidence of cataract. As the concentration of sea tangle extract is higher, the ratio of cataract development is getting lower. However, the incidence of cataract is getting high when the concentration is too low or too high (eg. Group 4 and 8)
| Experimental groups | No. of rats | Number of rats in which lenticular opacification occurred | Incidence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Group 2 | 10 | 8 | 80 |
| Group 3 | 10 | 4 | 40 |
| Group 4 | 10 | 6 | 60 |
| Group 5 | 10 | 3 | 30 |
| Group 6 | 10 | 2 | 20 |
| Group 7* | 10 | 1* | 10* |
| Group 8 | 10 | 6 | 60 |
Group 1=normal rat pups, Group 2=Selenite+intraperitoneal (i.p) Saline injection, Control group, Group 3=Selenite+i.p Ascorbic acid 1,000 mg/kg injection, Group 4=Selenite+i.p Sea tangle extract 12.5 mg/kg injection, Group 5=Selenite+i.p Sea tangle extract 25 mg/kg injection, Group 6=Selenite+i.p Sea tangle extract 50 mg/kg injection, Group 7=Selenite+i.p Sea tangle extract 100 mg/kg injection, Group 8=Selenite+i.p Sea tangle extract 200 mg/kg injection.
Table 2.
Quantitative analysis of antioxidant system enzymes and malondialdehyde in lenses of rats
| Experimental groups |
Antioxidant enzymes |
MDA (nmol/g) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPx (nmol/min/ml) | SOD (U/ml) | ||
| Group 1 | 293.41±12.3 | 62.20±7.3 | 60.5±3.7 |
| Group 2 | 207.72±9.6 | 38.15±6.8 | 88.6±5.3 |
| Group 3 | 210.55±11.2 | 44.75±8.3 | 76.2±6.2 |
| Group 4 | 212.38±7.9 | 44.84±5.7 | 72.5±7.4 |
| Group 5 | 209.91±8.5 | 46.71±11.6 | 74.1±6.8 |
| Group 6 | 230.64±13.2* | 50.10±9.3* | 65.4±7.6* |
| Group 7 | 289.27±9.2* | 52.95±8.9* | 63.2±8.3* |
| Group 8 | 211.72±10.4 | 50.10±7.9* | 69.7±4.8 |
Table 3.
Amino acid analysis of sea tangle extract. Results of amino acid analysis show sea tangle includes glutamate, cysteine and glycine which are components of glutathione
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