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Lee, Lee, and Kim: The Relationship Between Intraocular Pressure and Health Parameters
Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(1):105-112.

Published online: 7 September 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2009.50.1.105

The Relationship Between Intraocular Pressure and Health Parameters

Ja Kyun Lee, M.D.1, Jong Soo Lee, M.D., PhD1, Yoon Kyung Kim2

1Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea

2Department of Ophthalmic Optics, Kaya University, Kyungbuk, Korea

Address reprint requests to Jong Soo Lee, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital #1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Pusan 602-739 Korea Tel: 82-51-240-7326, Fax: 82-51-242-7341, E-mail: jongsool@pusan.ac.kr

Received 30 December 2008       Accepted 23 January 2008

Copyright © 2009 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study analyzed the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and health parameters, including waist circumference, in healthy Koreans.Methods: A total of 6169 healthy participants underwent automated multi-phasic tests including tonometry, automated perimetry, and fundus photography. Parameters of these patients including height, weight, degree of obesity, body fat percentage, waist circumference, body mass index, and body muscle rate, were recorded. The subjects were divided into six age groups by decades ranging from 20∼29 years to over 70 years. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between IOP and the parameters mentioned above.Results: The mean age of the participants was 47.87 years, and 3015 (51.1%) of the participants were men. The mean IOP was 13.58±3.1 mmHg, and was significantly higher in men than in women (p<0.05). The prevalence of ocular hypertension was 2.0% in men and 2.2% in women. IOP was associated with gender, age, height, weight, degree of obesity, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and body mass index (p<0.05). The relation between IOP and age showed a significantly negative tendency (p<0.05). Height, weight, degree of obesity, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and body mass index had a significantly positive relation with IOP (p<0.05). There was no significant relation between IOP and body muscle percentage (p>0.05).Conclusions: Because increased IOP is associated with several health parameters that can be modified by diet and exercise such as weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, and waist circumference, it is recommended that these be reduced.

Keywords: Glaucoma, Health Parameters, Intraocular Pressure

References

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Table 1.
Percent distribution of age and gender
Age (Years) Female Case (%) Male Case (%) Total Case (%)
20-29 106 (3.5) 102 (3.2) 208 (3.4)
30-39 609 (20.2) 535 (17.0) 1144 (18.5)
40-49 1070 (35.5) 1185 (37.6) 2255 (36.6)
50-59 818 (27.1) 862 (27.3) 1680 (27.2)
60-69 345 (11.4) 408 (12.9) 753 (12.2)
≥70 67 (2.2) 62 (2.0) 129 (2.1)
Total 3015 3154 6169
Table 2.
Mean values of age, intraocular pressure and health parameters by gender
Variables Female Male Total
Mean age (years) 47.61±10.5∗ 48.13±10.2 47.87±10.3
Mean IOP† (mmHg)§ 13.58±3.1 14.34±3.3 13.97±3.2
Mean Height (Cm)§ 157.57±5.2 170.09±5.7 163.97±8.3
Mean Weight (Kg)§ 58.192±7.5 70.594±9.2 64.533±10.5
Degree of obesity (%)§ 114.49±15.1 112.84±13.0 113.65±14.1
Mean Body Fat Rate (%)§ 28.501±5.1 20.378±4.6 24.348±6.3
Mean Waist Circumference (Cm) 77.11±8.0 85.67±7.4 81.49±8.8
BMI‡ (Kg/m2) 23.45±2.9 24.38±2.7 23.93±2.8
Mean Body Muscle Rate (%) 38.56±3.8 52.40±5.8 45.64±8.5

∗ Values are given as a mean± standard deviation

† Intraocular pressure

‡ Body mass index: weight (kg) devided by height (m) squar

§ P value<0.05.

Table 3.
Nunbers of ocular hypertension in each gender group
Age (Years) Female (Case, %) Male (Case, %) Total (Case, %)
N Ocular HT∗ N Ocular HT N Ocular HT
20-29 106 (3.5)† 1 (.9)‡ 102 (3.2) 6 (5.9) 208 (3.4) 7 (3.4)
30-39 609 (20.2) 9 (1.5) 535 (17.0) 26 (4.9) 1144 (18.5) 35 (3.1)
40-49 1070 (35.5) 23 (2.1) 1185 (37.6) 60 (5.1) 2255 (36.6) 83 (3.7)
50-59 818 (27.1) 28 (3.4) 862 (27.3) 47 (5.5) 1680 (27.2) 75 (4.5)
60-69 345 (11.4) 14 (4.1) 408 (12.9) 23 (5.6) 753 (12.2) 37 (4.9)
≥70 67 (2.2) 0 (.0) 62 (2.0) 2 (3.2) 129 (2.1) 2 (1.6)
Total 3015 (48.9) 67 (2.2) 3154 (51.1) 62 (2.0) 6169 (100.0) 129 (2.1)

∗ Ocular HT (hypertension) – IOP greater than 21mmHg without visual field defect or glaucomatous optic disc abnormalities

† (No. of each age group/Total No. of subject)×100;

‡ (No. of ocular HT/Total No. of each age group)×100.

Table 4.
Number and characteristic of subjects in each group
Female
Group N Mean IOP†(mmHg) Mean Height (Cm) Mean Weight (Kg) Degree of obesity (%) Mean Body Fat Rate (%) C Mean Waist Circumference (Cm) BMI‡(Kg/m2) Mean Body Muscle Rate (%)
20-29 106 13.14±3.1∗ 161.54±5.9 53.687±8.3 98.40±11.7 25.568±5.1 69.22±6.2 20.53±2.4 37.23±5.1
30-39 609 12.86±3.2 159.92±5.0 57.035±8.1 107.74±14.8 26.503±5.0 73.44±7.5 22.31±2.9 38.85±4.0
40-49 1070 13.74±3.0 158.01±4.8 58.324±7.2 113.76±13.6 27.903±4.8 76.21±7.0 23.36±2.7 38.99±3.7
50-59 818 13.91±3.0 156.42±4.7 59.137±7.2 118.50±13.8 29.738±4.7 79.49±7.5 24.17±2.7 38.53±3.6
60-69 345 13.72±3.1 154.60±5.1 58.857±7.2 121.79±14.4 30.906±4.9 81.82±7.5 24.62±2.7 37.67±3.8
≥70 67 13.64±2.7 152.33±5.0 58.757±8.4 126.45±17.0 33.376±4.7 84.06±7.8 25.31±3.3 36.20±3.7
Total 3015 13.58±3.1 157.57±5.2 58.192±7.5 114.49±15.1 28.501±5.1 77.11±8.0 23.45±2.9 38.56±3.8
P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Male
20-29 102 13.85±3.6 174.38±5.6 72.228±10.9 107.94±14.4 18.307±5.4 81.47±8.4 23.71±3.1 54.60±6.7
30-39 535 14.14±3.4 172.21±5.5 73.047±10.5 113.13±14.2 19.924±5.1 85.03±8.0 24.65±3.0 54.57±6.0
40-49 1185 14.48±3.3 170.76±5.5 71.244±8.9 112.64±12.7 19.924±4.4 85.50±7.1 24.41±2.7 53.18±5.6
50-59 862 14.50±3.2 168.75±5.2 69.669±8.5 113.72±12.5 20.895±4.4 86.43±7.1 24.45±2.6 51.37±5.4
60-69 408 14.11±3.3 167.64±5.6 67.838±8.3 112.74±12.2 21.438±4.4 86.38±7.4 24.12±2.5 49.67±5.1
≥70 62 13.73±3.4 166.55±4.9 65.334±8.1 110.52±12.7 22.216±4.7 86.42±8.1 23.54±2.6 47.20±4.5
Total 3154 14.34±3.3 170.09±5.7 70.594±9.2 112.84±13.0 20.378±4.6 85.67±7.4 24.38±2.7 52.40±5.8
P .037 <0.001 <0.001 .001 <0.001 <0.001 .001 <0.001

∗ Values are given as a mean± standard deviation;

† Intraocular pressure

‡ Body mass index: weight (kg) devided by height (m) squar.

Table 5.
Relation of IOP with gender, age, height, weight, Degree of obesity, Body Fat Rate, Waist circumference, BMI, Body Muscle Rate
Variable Coefficient Standard error P-value
Gender .013 .083 <0.001
Age .002 .004 <0.001
Height .002 .005 .001
Weight .015 .004 <0.001
Degree of obesity .012 .003 <0.001
Body Fat Rate .010 .005 <0.001
Waist circumference .017 .005 <0.001
BMI∗ .016 .014 <0.001
Body Muscle Rate .000 .007 .440

∗ Body mass index: weight (kg) devided by height (m) squar.

Table 6.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by age
Age (Years) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
20-29 13.14 .316 13.85 .322
30-39 12.86 .132 14.14 .140
40-49 13.74 .099 14.48 .094
50-59 13.91 .114 14.50 .111
60-69 13.72 .175 14.10 .161
≥70 13.64 .397 13.73 .413
P† .037 .000

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend

Table 7.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by height
Height (Cm) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOPS Standard error
≤149 14.07 .235 14.00 2.301
150-159 13.73 .078 14.61 .359
160-169 13.29 .101 14.51 .089
170-179 12.60 .515 14.25 .082
≥180 11.00 3.255 13.71 .261
P† .000 .031

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 8.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by weight
Weight (Kg) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
≤39 12.50 1.029 12.50 2.302
40-49 13.36 .172 13.36 .694
50-59 13.51 .083 13.90 .175
60-69 13.65 .108 14.22 .095
70-79 14.10 .253 14.53 .096
80-89 15.11 .528 14.63 .168
≥90 15.50 2.302 14.43 .351
P† .005 .011

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 9.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by Degree of obesity
Degree of obesity (%) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard erro orMean IOP Standard error
≤79 12.00 1.449 13.08 .936
80-89 12.65 .327 12.94 .347
90-99 13.05 .170 14.08 .167
100-109 13.50 .120 13.97 .114
110-119 13.54 .114 14.45 .107
≥120 13.97 .101 14.82 .106
P .000 .000

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 10.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by Body Fat Rate
Body Fat Rate (%) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
≤9 9.00 3.241 12.68 .556
10-19 12.88 .277 14.02 .086
20-29 13.33 .080 14.66 .081
30-39 13.99 .095 14.46 .367
≥40 15.05 .512 . .
P† .000 .000

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 11.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by waist circumference
waist circumference (Cm) e Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
≤59 12.00 1.084 15.00 3.252
60-69 13.22 .141 13.59 .427
70-79 13.51 .086 14.01 .134
80-89 13.75 .113 14.33 .082
90-99 14.33 .233 14.61 .115
≥100 15.23 .693 14.72 .310
P† .000 .010

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 12.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by BMI
BMI (Kg/m2) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
≤19 13.06 .185 13.35 .262
20-24 13.49 .075 14.18 .079
25-29 13.90 .120 14.67 .092
≥30 14.86 .356 14.79 .361
P† .000 .000

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

Table 13.
Adjusted∗ mean intraocular pressure (mean, standard error) by Body mass rate
Body mass rate (%) Female Male
Mean IOP Standard error Mean IOP Standard error
≤29 12.65 .729 . .
30-39 13.60 .073 13.94 .551
40-49 13.58 .103 14.21 .100
50-59 12.87 .842 14.41 .078
≥60 16.00 3.261 14.44 .181
P† .527 .384

∗ Adjusted for health parameters by ANACOVA test

† P value for linear trend.

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