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Abstract
Purpose
Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome is a congenital ectodermal disorder presenting the triad of vascularizing keratitis, erythrokeratoderma, and sensorineural deafness. Ocular manifestations such as hyperkeratinization of the eyelids, loss of eyelashes, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal erosions, ulceration, neovascularization, and scarring opacity may be absent or mild, but if present and severe, they can lead to major visual loss. We report a patient with KID syndrome with severe ocular manifestations and the histologic characteristics of a corneal lesion.
Case summary
A 5-year-old boy was referred to the Ophthalmology Department for bilateral hyperkeratinization of eyelids, bare eyelashes, and corneal opacity. He showed hyperkeratotic skin lesions and sensorineural hearing loss. Molecular analysis showed a mutation in the GJB2 gene and confirmed the diagnosis of KID syndrome. Initial conservative treatment did not preserve ocular surface integrity, and instead it was maintained by surgical procedures including superficial lamellar keratectomy with amniotic membrane transplantation. The histologic characteristics of corneal lesions are abnormal epithelial differentiation, absence of connexin 26 expression, and partial destruction of the basement membrane.
References
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Figure 1.
Clinical appearance of a 5-year-old boy with KID syndrome. (A) Frontal view of face showed scarring alopecia and hyperkeratotic skin lesions. (B) Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis.
Figure 2.
Slit lamp photographs of the right eye of a pateint with KID syndrome before surgery. (A) Hyperkeratic lid lesions and sparse lashes. (B) Gray-white elevated scarring opacity was observed on the central cornea. (C) Epithelial erosions were observed with fluorescein stain.
Figure 3.
Slit lamp photographs of right eye after surgery. Lamellar keratectomy and amniotic membrane transplantation were done. (A) Central scarring opacity was regressed at post operative 4months. (B) A complete epithelization was achieved.
Figure 4.
Histopathology of the corneal lesion. High-power magnification showed the characteristic squamous cell hyperplasia and partial destruction of Bowman’s layer (arrow). (hematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400).
Figure 5.
Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin of the corneal lesion of KID syndrome. It shows strong immunopositivity to cytokeratin 3 in the suprabasal layer (A), to cytokeratin 5 in all epithelial layer (B). Hyperkeratosis of the cornea shows special features of the keratin pearl formations (arrows). It shows immunopositivity to cytokeratin 10 in superficial layer (C), to cytokeratin 13 in suprabasal & superficial layer (D) (Original magnification ×400 in all of the photomicrographs).
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