Generation accumulation of murine ovarian genes in offspring exposed to microwave in uterus

Jong Yun Hwang; Sung Hun Na; Hyang Ah Lee; Dong Hun Lee; Hee Jae Lee; Song In Kim; Yong Joon Choi; Hee Yong Hwang

doi:10.5468/kjog.2010.53.11.998

Journal List > Korean J Obstet Gynecol > v.53(11) > 1006497

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Hwang, Na, Lee, Lee, Lee, Kim, Choi, and Hwang: Generation accumulation of murine ovarian genes in offspring exposed to microwave in uterus

Original Article

Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010; 53(11): 998-1006.

Published online: 30 November 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5468/kjog.2010.53.11.998

Generation accumulation of murine ovarian genes in offspring exposed to microwave in uterus

Jong Yun Hwang, M.D.¹, Sung Hun Na, M.D.¹, Hyang Ah Lee, M.D.¹, Dong Hun Lee, M.D.¹, Hee Jae Lee, Ph.D.², Song In Kim², Yong Joon Choi², Hee Yong Hwang, Ph.D.³

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.

²Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.

³Department of Electric & Electronic Engineering, School of Information Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.

Corresponding author (lahun@kangwon.ac.kr)

Received 26 August 2010 Revised 2 October 2010 Accepted 26 October 2010

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate generational accumulation of murine fetal ovarian genes following prenatal exposure to 1.765-GHz microwave radiation.

Methods

A 1.765-GHz microwave generator was used. Twenty pregnant ICR mice were divided into two groups: the microwave-exposed experimental (irradiated) group, and the sham-exposed (sham) group. On the fifth day post-mating, dam mice were exposed to microwave irradiation in the insulated cage for 8 hours each day. The remaining mice were treated in the same way. Second generation mice were raised for 8 weeks then classified into four groups for examination. We removed the neonatal ovaries on the seventh day after the third delivery. We investigated the expression of six genes in the ovaries: Tnfaip 8, TNFsf 12, Cfd, CCL 11, Zfp 74, and Brd 3. Real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using total RNA extracted from the removed ovaries.

Results

In the third-generation offspring, we detected some differences in ovarian gene expression between the first group and the fourth. Expression of CCL 11, and TNFsf 12 was decreased in the first group compared to the fourth group. Expression of Tnfaip 8, brd 3, Cfd, and Zfp 74 was higher in the first group than in the fourth group. We found differing results when we compared ovarian gene expression in mice of the second generation with those of the third.

Conclusion

The results suggest that there is no generational accumulation of murine ovarian genes in offspring exposed to 1.765-GHz microwaves in the uterus.

Keywords: Microwave, Generation accumulation, Murine ovary, Prenatal exposure

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

The comparison of birth weight in pregnant mice of the second generation. The birth weight of the first group is not different from that in the fourth group. However, that of the second group is decreased compared with other groups. ^aP<0.05 between 4 group and other groups, ^bP<0.05 between 1 group and other groups, ^cP<0.05 between 2 group and other groups.

Figure 2

The comparison of number of offspring per pregnant mice of the second generation. The number of offspring in the first group is not different from that in the fourth group. However, the number of offspring in the second group is significantly increased compared with that in other groups. ^aP<0.05 between 4 group and other groups, ^bP<0.05 between 1 group and other groups, ^cP<0.05 between 2 group and other groups.

Figure 3

The results of TNFaip 8 and CCL gene expression by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Expression of CCL 11, and TNFsf 12 was decreased in the first group compared to the fourth group. ^aP<0.05 between 4 group and other groups, ^bP<0.05 between 1 group and other groups, ^cP<0.05 between 2 group and other groups.

Figure 4

The results of Tnfsf 12, Zfp 74, Cfd, and Brd 3 gene expression by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Expression of Tnfaip 8, brd 3, Cfd, and Zfp 74 was higher in the first group than in the fourth group. ^aP<0.05 between 4 group and other groups, ^bP<0.05 between 1 group and other groups, ^cP<0.05 between 2 group and other groups.

Table 1

Primers used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Brd 3: bromodomain containing 3, CCL: chemokine (C-C motif) ligands, Cfd: complement factor D, TNFaip 8: tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 8, TNFsf 12: tumor necrosis factor superfamily 12, Zfp 74: zinc finger protein 74.

Table 2

The comparison of the body temperature between both groups

Mann-Whitney U test.

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Table 3

The comparison of the pregnancy period, the body weight at birth, the number of offspring each pregnant mouse between both groups on the 2^nd generation

^*Student t-test, ^†Mann-Whitney U test.

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

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