Journal List > Korean J Urol > v.49(1) > 1005096

Kim, Hong, Kim, Ahn, Ahn, and Hong: The Preoperative Risk Factors that Influence the Postoperative Renal Function in Living Donor Nephrectomy: The Impact of Dominant Kidney Nephrectomy

Abstract

Purpose

We wanted to investigate the effect of dominant kidney nephrectomy on the postoperative renal function and we wanted to determine the preoperative risk factors that influence the postoperative renal function in living donor nephrectomy.

Materials and Methods

A total of 297 living kidney donors (159 males and 138 females) who underwent nephrectomy were included in this study. Renal function was measured by the serum creatinine levels and99mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) renal scanning. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, the following independent variables were evaluated to predict a postoperative serum creatinine level 1.5mg/dl or higher: removal of a functionally dominant kidney or a larger kidney according to the DTPA renal scan or CT, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity, preoperative serum creatinine and the preoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Results

Of the 297 subjects, 134 (55%) underwent donor nephrectomy on the left side, and 163 (45%) underwent donor nephrectomy on the right side. Univariate analysis showed that gender and the preoperative creatinine level were significantly associated with postoperative serum creatinine elevation (1.5mg/dl or higher) (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative creatinine level (p<0.001), the preoperative GFR (p=0.015) and removal of a functionally dominant kidney (p=0.049) were significant factors. The cut-off values from the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were 1.0mg/dl for the preoperative creatinine level, 90.24ml/min/1.73m2 for the preoperative GFR, and 10.94% for the difference of the relative renal function on DTPA.

Conclusions

The preoperative serum creatinine level and the preoperative GFR are critical predictive factors for renal function after living donor nephrectomy. The impact of removing a functionally dominant kidney on the postoperative renal function should be cautiously interpreted in patients where the function of the nondominant kidney is favored.

References

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Fig. 1.
Scatter plots of the relationship of volume differences and function differences. Mean volume differences of the CT scan measured volume in both kidneys (mm3). Function difference means the difference in 99mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) as measured by the relative function in both kidneys (%).
kju-49-37f1.tif
Table 1.
Patients' characteristics
Characteristic No. of patients (%) Mean (SD) Range
Mean age (years)   38.83 (10.47) 18–65
Male:Female 159 (54):138 (46)    
Rt:Lt 134 (45):163 (55)    
BMI (kg/m2)   25.27 (2.96) 17.9–32.5
Cormobidity      
Diabetes 2    
Hypertension 5    
Mean follow up period (months)   11.7 (10.61) 6–37

SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index

Table 2.
Reasons for the function-dominant nephrectomies
Reason No. of case (%)
Contralateral multiple renal arteries 28 (36.9)
Ipsilateral renal cyst 6 (8.3)
Ipsilateral nephrolithiasis 1 (1.5)
Favoring right in women of child-bearing age 5 (6.9)
Favoring left 33 (41.9)
Total 73 (100)
Table 3.
Relationship of the volume and function differences with the creatinine differences
Logistic regre creatinine di ession of volum ifference me and function d ifference with
Difference p-value Odd ratio 95% CI
Volume 0.686 0.954 [0.759, 1.199]
Function 0.273 1.034 [0.974, 1.097]

CI: confidence interval. The mean volume differences of the CT scan measured volume in both kidneys (mm

3 ). Function difference

9 9mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid means a difference in (DTPA) as measured by the relative function in both kidneys (%). Creatinine difference means a difference in the postoperative creatinine (at least 6 months) and preoperative creatinine.

Table 4.
Univariate analysis of the multiple factors for postoperative azotemia with using the chi-square test
Variables Azotemia (%) p-value
Age    
>38 17 0.37
≤38 12  
Sex    
Male 21.3 <0.001
Female 0  
BMI    
>25 19 0.13
≤25 12  
Comorbidity    
Yes 12 0.4
No 8.8  
Preoperative Creatinine (mg/dl)    
>1 35.4 <0.001
≤1 4  
Preoperative GFR (ml/min/1.73m2)    
>90 7 0.065
≤90 17  
Volume (CT)    
Dominant 12.5 0.52
Non-dominant 9.7  
Function (DTPA)    
Dominant 12.2 0.42
Non-dominant 7.9  

BMI: body mass index, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, CT: compute tomography, DTPA 9mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic puted tomography, DTPA: acid, Comorbidity: diabetes mellitus, hypertension

Table 5.
Multivariate analysis of the multiple factors for postoperative azotemia
Variables p-value Odd ratio 95% CI
BMI 0.166 2.55 [0.678, 9.613]
Preoperative Cr <0.001 48.21 [9.077, 256.152]
Preoperative GFR 0.015 5.56 [1.399, 22.123]
Volume (CT) 0.698 0.77 [0.220, 2.758]
Function (DTPA) 0.049 3.91 [1.007, 15.171]

CI: confidence interval, BMI: body mass index, Cr: creatinine (mg/dl), GFR: glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m), CT: 9mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-computed tomography, DTPA: acetic acid

Table 6.
Cut off value from the ROC curve for postoperative azotemia
Variables Cut off value Sensitivity Specificity
Preoperative Cr 1.0 65% 55%
Preoperative GFR 90.24 62% 47%
Functional (DTPA) difference 10.94 88% 30%

Cr: creatinine (mg/dl), GFR: glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/ 1.73m2), DTPA: 99mTc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid, ROC: receiver operating characteristic

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