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References
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Fig. 1.
(A, B) Clubbing of fingers and toes. (C) Plain radiograph shows soft tissue swelling of the fingers. (D) Soft tissue edema and effusion of knees (right ＞ left), and enlarged ankles. (E) Deep furrowing of forehead.
Fig. 2.
(A) Plain radiograph of lower extremity demonstrates irregular shaggy diaphyseal cortical thickening (arrows). (B) Bone scan shows increased periosteal uptake in the bilateral tibias, radii, and ulnas. Focal active bone lesion in the right patella consistent with previous fracture. (C) Knee radiograph shows periosteal and cortical thickening of tibia and fibula. (D) MRI of the right knee reveals a large effusion and irregular thickening of synovium.
Fig. 3.
(A) Knee arthroscopy shows proliferative villonodular synovitis. (B) Chronic perivascular inflammatory infiltrates is observed in the synovial tissue (×100, H&E stain).
Table 1.
Major underlying diseases of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
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