1. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2005 update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association,. 2005.

2. Choi SH, Huh KB. Clinical efficacy of color doppler ultrasonography for diagnosing peripheral artery occlusive disease in diabetes mellitus. Korean Clinical Diabetes. 5:1–12. 2004.

3. Cho YL, Kim DJ, Kim HD, Choi SH, Kim SK, Kim HJ, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Huh KB. Reference values of carotid artery intima-media thickness and association with atherosclerotic risk factors in healthy subjects in Korea. Korean J Med. 64:275–283. 2003.

4. Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, Tsuda H, Arai T, Hirose K, Koji Y, Hori S, Yamamoto Y. Validity, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res. 25:359–364. 2002.

5. Nakamura U, Iwase M, Nohara S, Kanai H, Ichikawa K, Iida M. Usefulness of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement: correlation with abdominal aortic calcification. Hypertens Res. 26:163–167. 2003.

6. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Pannier B, Safer ME, Day Metivier F. Cardiac and arterial interactions in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 50:600–608. 1996.

7. Lee JW. Clinical applications of aterial pulse wave analyzer. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 28:S271–S274. 2007.

8. Kannel WB, Gordon T, Schwartz MJ. Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease: The Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 27:335–346. 1971.

9. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 100:354–360. 1999.

10. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Kahn SA, Wong ND, Lipe EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 103:1245–1249. 2001.

11. O'Rourke MF, Staessen JA, Vlachopoulos C, Duprez D, Plante GE. Clinical applications of arterial stiffness: definitions and reference values. Am J Hypertens. 15:426–444. 2002.

12. van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Asmar R, Topouchian J, Reneman RS, Hoeks AP, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 32:454–460. 2001.

13. Sakuragi S, Iwasaki J, Tokunaga N, Hiramatsu S, Ohe T. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology. 103:625–631. 2005.

14. Hwang WM, Bae JH, Kim KY, Synn YC. Impacts of atherosclerotic coronary risk factors on atherosclerotic surrogates in patients with coronary artery disease. Korean Circ J. 35:131–139. 2005.

15. Han SH, Park CG, Park SW, Shin SH, Ahn JC, Seo HS, Oh DJ, Shin EK, Ro YM. High aortic stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of coronary artery calcification and stenosis in suspected coronary artery disease patients. Korean Circ J. 34:468–476. 2004.

16. Bauters C, Lamblin N, Mc Fadden EP, van Belle E, Millaire A, de Groote P. Influence of diabetes mellitus on heart failure risk and outcome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2:1–10. 2003.

17. Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Arai T, Hirose K, Koji Y, Hirayama Y, Yamamoto Y, Hori S. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage and cardiovascular risk. Hypertens Res. 26:615–622. 2003.

18. Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P, Laurent S. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 39:10–15. 2002.

19. Park HY, Lee SY, Cho SW, Kwon SU, Namgung J, Hyung J, Lee WR. Correlations between the left ventricular diastolic function and aortic stiffness in healthy aged subjects. Korean Circ J. 36:393–399. 2006.

20. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safer ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 99:2434–2439. 1999.

21. Munakata M, Ito N, Nunokawa T, Yoshinaga K. Utility of automated brachial ankle pulse wave velocity measurements in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 16:653–657. 2003.

22. Yasmin. O'Shaughnessy KM. Genetics of arterial structure and function towards new biomarkers for aortic stiffness? Clini Sci (Lond). 114:661–677. 2008.

23. Mercier N, Labat C, Louis H, Cattan V, Benetos A, Safer ME, Lacolley P. Sodium, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 20:319–325. 2007.

24. Barra JG, Levenson J, Armentano RL, Cabera FE, Pichel RH, Simon A. In vivo angiotensin II receptor blockade and converting enzyme inhibition on canine aortic viscoelasticity. Am J Physiol. 272:H859–868. 1997.

25. Matsui Y, Kario K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Shimada K. Smoking and antihypertensive medication: interaction between blood pressure reduction and arterial stiffness. Hypertens Res. 28:631–638. 2005.

26. Lee JW, Lee HR, Shim J, Kim SH, Im JA, Lee DC. Visceral abdominal fat as a determinant of arterial stiffness in overweight and obese women. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 27:815–821. 2006.

27. Tomiyama H, Hirayama Y, Hashimoto H, Yambe M, Yamada J, Koji Y, Motobe K, Shiina K, Yamamoto Y, Yamashinai A. The effects of changes in the metabolic syndrome detection status on arterial stiffening: The effects of changes in the metabolic syndrome detection status on arterial stiffening: a prospective study. Hypertens Res. 29:673–678. 2006.

28. Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, Ohata J, Isobe T, Kikuchi Y, Takeuchi H, Shimamoto K. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose: The Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care. 29:1988–1999. 2006.

29. Arner P. Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: role of fatty acids. Diabetes Metab Res. 18:S5–S9. 2002.

30. Okamato Y, Arita Y, Nishida M, Muraguchi M, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Igura T, Inui Y, Kihara S, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Miyagawa J, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. An adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, adheres to injured vascular walls. Horm Metab Res. 32:47–50. 2000.

31. Shimizu H, Shimomura K, Negishi M, Oh-I S, Tomita Y, Uehara Y, Mori M. Glycaemic control and the increase in pulse wave velocity (PWV) in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 21:804–805. 2004.

32. Zieman S, Kass D. Advanced glycation end product crosslinking: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Congest Heart Fail. 10:144–151. 2004.

33. Liu J, Masrurekar MR, Vatner DE, Jyothimayi GN, Regan TJ, Vatner SF, Meggs LG, Malhotra A. Glycation endproduct cross-link breaker reduces collagen and improves cardiac function in aging diabetic heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 285:2587–2591. 2003.

34. Asif M, Egan J, Vasan S, Jyothirmayi GN, Masurekar MR, Lopez S, Williams C, Torres RI, Wagle D, Ulrich P, Cerami A, Brines M, Regan TJ. An advanced glycation endproduct cross-link breaker can reverse age-related increases in myocardial stiffness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97:2809–2813. 2000.

35. Vaitkevicius PV, Lane M, Spurgeon H, Ingram DK, Roth GS, Egan JJ, Vasan S Wagle DR, Ulrich P, Brines M, Wuerth JP, Cerami A, Lakatta EG. A cross-link breaker has sustained effects on arterial and ventricular properties in older rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:1171–1175. 2001.

36. Lee SW, Yun KW, Yu YS, Lim HK, Bae YP, Lee BD, Kim BH, Lee CW. Determinants of the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Korean Endocr Soc. 23:253–259. 2008.