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Han and Lee: Effects of Parenting Stress and Controlling Parenting Attitudes on Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children: Latent Growth Model Analysis
Original Article

J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):109-121.

Published online: 15 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.109

Effects of Parenting Stress and Controlling Parenting Attitudes on Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children: Latent Growth Model Analysis

Jeong Won Han1, Hanna Lee2,

1College of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan

2Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Lee, Hanna Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon 51140, Korea Tel: +82-55-213-3572 Fax: +82-55-213-3579 E-mail: 2hanno@hanmail.net

Received 15 September 2017       Revised 4 January 2018       Accepted 8 January 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Nursing Science

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model.

Methods

Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5th~7th survey panels).

Results

An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents’ intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: b=.21, p<.001; mother: b=.55, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers’ parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers’ parental control attitudes (b=.77, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors.

Conclusion

This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children.

Keywords: Attitudes, Parenting, Preschool children, Problem behaviors

References

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Figure 1.
Research model.
jkan-48-109f1.tif
Table 1.
Correlations and Changes in Each Factor by Time (N=1,724)
Variables M (SD) Skewness (SE) Kurtosis (SE) X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X X10 X X11 X X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18
X1= Father’s parenting 2.43 0.04 0.22 1
   stress 5th (0.56) (0.05) (0.11)
X2= Father’s parenting 2.39 0.05 0.31 .49* 1
   stress 6th (0.57) (0.05) (0.11)
X3= Father’s parenting 2.37 −0.03 0.29 .46* .52* 1
   stress 7th (0.55) (0.05) (0.11)
X4= Mother’s parenting 2.75 0.03 0.23 .41* .31*. 24* 1
   stress 5th (0.62) (0.05) (0.11)
X5= Mother’s parenting 2.65 0.06 0.52 .32* .43*. 26* .62* 1
   stress 6th (0.58) (0.05) (0.11)
X6= Mother’s parenting 2.57 0.16 0.68 .28* .33*. 38* .55* .60* * 1
   stress 7th (0.57) (0.05) (0.11)
X7= Father’s controlling 3.42 −0.08 0.24 .11* .28*. 39* .34* .29* *.29* 1
   attitude 5th (0.56) (0.05) (0.11)
X8= Father’s controlling 3.30 −0.07 0.57 .14* .22*. 37* .36* .36* *.32*. .21* 1
   attitude 6th (0.58) (0.05) (0.11)
X9= Father’s controlling 3.25 −0.09 0.75 .19* .40*. 51* .35* .29* *.34*. .26* .20* 1
   attitude 7th (0.51) (0.05) (0.11)
X10= Mother’s controlling 3.50 −0.28 0.66 .17* .16*. 20* .23* .25* *.28*. .24* .22* .42* 1
   attitude 5th (0.44) (0.05) (0.11)
X11= Mother’s controlling 3.45 −0.13 0.71 .15* .29*. 28* .29* .20* *.20*. .20* .23* .45*. 58* 1
   attitude 6th (0.47) (0.05) (0.11)
X12= Mother’s controlling 3.36 −0.31 1.72 .13* .28*. 21* .22* .22* *.25*. .21* .23* .43*. 54*.5 53* 1
   attitude 7th (0.44) (0.05) (0.11)
X13= Child’s internalizing 0.23 1.10 1.65 .23* .25*. 29* .35* .36* *.42*. .21* .20* .22*. 33*.1 12*. 22* 1
   problem behavior 5th (0.17) (0.05) (0.11)
X14= Child’s internalizing 0.20 1.53 2.87 .22* .30*. 31* .33* .46* *.49*. .22* .25* .22*. 14*.1 15*. 15* .51* 1
   problem behavior 6th (0.16) (0.05) (0.11)
X15= Child’s internalizing 0.18 1.15 2.36 .13* .32*. 38* .32* .38* *.53*. .20* .26* .23*. 11*.1 16*. 14* .48* .58* 1
   problem behavior 7th (0.15) (0.05) (0.11)
X16= Child’s externalizing 0.32 0.79 0.37 .24* .37*. 31* .30* .37* *.47*. .21* .24* .13*. 13*.1 10*. 13* .70* .37*. .35* 1
   problem behavior 5th (0.23) (0.05) (0.11)
X17= Child’s externalizing 0.26 1.11 1.27 .28* .30*. 36* .36* .47* *.57*. .22* .23* .19*. 15*.1 11*. 16* .39* .72*. .45*. .53* 1
   problem behavior 6th (0.21) (0.05) (0.11)
X18= Child’s externalizing 0.23 1.34 2.36 .25* .26*. 40* .35* .42* *.52*. .20* .24* .14*. 12*.1 19*. 13* .36* .43*. .72*. .49* .60* 1
   problem behavior 7th (0.20) (0.05) (0.11)

M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation; SE=Standard error. *p<.05.

Table 2.
Estimation of Growth Trajectories for Each Factor
Parameter M (SE) Variance (SE)
Father’s parenting stress intercept 2.43 (0.01)** 0.15 (0.01)**
Father’s parenting stress slope −0.06 (0.01)** 0.05 (0.02)**
Father’s parenting stress intercept-slope coefficient −.01*
Mother’s parenting stress intercept 2.76 (0.02)** 0.27 (0.01)**
Mother’s parenting stress slope −0.19 (0.01)** 0.07 (0.01)**
Mother’s parenting stress intercept-slope coefficient −.07*
Father’s controlling attitude intercept 3.24 (0.01)** 0.16 (0.01)**
Father’s controlling attitude slope −0.18 (0.01)** 0.05 (0.02)**
Father’s controlling attitude Intercept-slope coefficient −.03*
Mother’s controlling attitude intercept 3.37 (0.01)** ** 0.13 (0.01)** **
Mother’s controlling attitude slope −0.13 (0.01)** 0.02 (0.01)**
Mother’s controlling attitude intercept-slope coefficient −.02*
Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept 0.23 (0.01)** 0.02 (0.01)**
Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −0.05 (0.01)** 0.01 (0.01)**
Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept-slope coefficient −.01*
Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept 0.32 (<0.01)** 0.03 (0.01)**
Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −0.09 (<0.01)** 0.01 (0.01)**
Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept-slope coefficient −.02*

M=Mean; SE=Standard error. *p<.05, **p<.001.

Table 3.
The Results from a Latent Growth Model on Parenting Stress, Parental Control Attitudes, Children’s Problems Behaviors
Independent variables Dependent variables β B SE CR p
H1: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Father’s controlling attitude intercept .21 .16 0.21 5.66 <.001
H1: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Father’s controlling attitude slope −.50 −.73 0.71 −1.02 .307
H1: Father’s parenting stress slope → Father’s controlling attitude slope .39 .56 0.88 1.14 .254
H2: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Father’s controlling attitude intercept .32 .29 0.21 6.16 <.001
H2: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Father’s controlling attitude slope −.49 −.73 0.72 −1.01 .311
H2: Mother’s parenting stress slope → Father’s controlling attitude slope .15 .45 0.94 1.22 .222
H3: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Mother’s controlling attitude intercept .48 .39 0.22 6.30 <.001
H3: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Mother’s controlling attitude slope −.42 .49 −0.19 −0.48 .634
H3: Father’s parenting stress slope → Mother’s controlling attitude slope .77 .68 0.18 2.25 .024
H4: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Mother’s controlling attitude intercept .55 .48 0.22 6.57 <.001
H4: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Mother’s controlling attitude slope −.48 −.11 0.18 −0.57 .569
H4: Mother’s parenting stress slope → Mother’s controlling attitude slope .46 .48 0.28 1.67 .094
H5: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .27 .31 0.15 7.08 <.001
H5: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.14 −.26 0.09 −2.72 .006
H5: Father’s parenting stress slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .21 .42 0.32 3.70 <.001
H6: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .11 .26 0.15 8.44 <.001
H6: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.15 −.28 0.09 −3.05 .002
H6: Mother’s parenting stress slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .22 .39 0.10 3.77 <.001
H7: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .26 .40 0.20 7.01 <.001
H7: Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.15 −.36 0.11 −3.06 .002
H7: Father’s parenting stress slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .39 .48 0.37 3.99 <.001
H8: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .31 .17 0.20 8.49 <.001
H8: Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.16 −.39 0.11 −3.43 <.001
H8: Mother’s parenting stress slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .23 .51 0.12 4.00 <.001
H9: Father’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .53 .22 0.04 5.53 <.001
H9: Father’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.30 −.06 0.01 −4.05 <.001
H9: Father’s controlling attitude slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .44 .56 0.16 3.46 <.001
H10: Mother’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .50 .21 0.05 4.30 <.001
H10: Mother’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.36 −.07 0.01 −4.16 <.001
H10: Mother’s controlling attitude slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .72 .60 0.18 3.23 <.001
H11: Father’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .47 .27 0.05 5.03 <.001
H11: Father’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.32 −.08 0.01 −4.15 <.001
H11: Father’s controlling attitude slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .41 .68 0.20 3.36 <.001
H12: Mother’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .54 .31 0.06 4.67 <.001
H12: Mother’s controlling attitude intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.41 −.10 0.02 −4.42 <.001
H12: Mother’s controlling attitude slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .65 .71 0.22 3.21 <.001

χ2=225.52, df=93, p<.001, c2/df=2.425, NFI=.96, RFI=.95, IFI=.96, TLI=.96, CFI=.97, RMSEA=.05, H=Hypothesis; b=Standardized regression weights; B=Regression weights; SE=Standardized error; CR=Critical ratio.

Table 4.
Standardized Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects of the Hypothesized Model
Independent variables Dependent variables Direct effect p Indirect effect p Total effect p
Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .27 <.001 .18 <.001 .45 <.001
Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.14 .006 −.32 <.001 −.46 <.001
Father’s parenting stress slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .21 <.001 .11 .030 .32 .022
Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior intercept .11 <.001 .38 <.001 .49 <.001
Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope −.15 .002 −.29 <.001 −.44 <.001
Mother’s parenting stress slope → Child’s internalizing problem behavior slope .22 <.001 .21 .137 .22 .008
Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .26 <.001 .37 <.001 .62 <.001
Father’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.15 .002 −.26 <.001 −.41 <.001
Father’s parenting stress slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .39 <.001 .19 .037 .58 .028
Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior intercept .31 <.001 .25 <.001 .56 <.001
Mother’s parenting stress intercept → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope −.16 <.001 −.21 <.001 −.37 <.001
Mother’s parenting stress slope → Child’s externalizing problem behavior slope .23 <.001 .15 .136 .23 .009
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