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Kang, Kim, Kim, Jeong, and Han: Factors Affecting Early School-Age Children's Subjective Happiness: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model of Parental Variables
Original Article

J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(6):854-863.

Published online: 15 January 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.6.854

Factors Affecting Early School-Age Children's Subjective Happiness: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model of Parental Variables

Kinoh Kang1, Jungho Kim2, Jungmin Kim3, Hyoeun Jeong3, Jeongwon Han3,

1College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul

2Department of Nursing, Masan University, Changwon

3College of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Han, Jeongwon College of Nursing, Kosin University, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea Tel: +82-51-990-3986 Fax: +82-51-990-3986 E-mail: hjw0721@naver.com

Received 30 May 2017       Revised 24 November 2017       Accepted 24 November 2017

Copyright © 2017 Korean Society of Nursing Science

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of cause-and-effect relationship, which used the 7th year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children, to investigate the effects of parenting stress, depression, and family interactions of the parents of early school-age children on children's subjective happiness.

Methods

The present study included data of 1419 pairs of parents who participated in the mother and father survey of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The effects of parenting stress, depression, and parental family interactions on children's subjective happiness were analyzed as actor and partner effects using path analysis.

Results

Parenting stress had an actor effect on depression; maternal parenting stress (b=-.21, p<.001) and depression (b=-.30, p<.001) had an actor effect on maternal family interaction; and paternal parenting stress (b=-.18, p<.001) and depression (b=-.17, p<.001) had a partner effect on maternal family interaction. Paternal parenting stress was found to have an actor effect on paternal family interaction (b=-.30, p<.001), and parental depression was found to have actor effect (b=-.23, p<.001) and maternal depression had a partner effect on paternal family interactions (b=-.22, p<.001). Children's subjective happiness was found to have a statistically significant relationship with maternal family interaction (b=.40, p<.001).

Conclusion

The significance of the study is in its provision of basic data for adjusting parents’ family interactions that are closely related to the growth and development of children by confirming the effect of parents’ parenting stress, depression, and family interaction on children's subjective happiness.

Keywords: Depression, Child, Happiness, Parents

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Figure 1.
The path diagram for the hypothetical model.
jkan-47-854f1.tif
Table 1.
Mean Scores of the Factors
Variables Mean Standard deviation Skewness Kurtosis
Mothers’ parenting stress 2.57 0.61 0.14 0.15
Fathers’ parenting stress 2.31 0.74 0.04 0.22
Mothers’ depression 1.92 0.53 0.73 0.44
Fathers’ depression 1.87 0.60 1.00 1.55
Maternal family interaction 3.78 0.74 0.82 1.44
Paternal family interaction 3.81 0.52 0.59 1.28
Happiness of children 3.64 0.55 1.01 1.59
Table 2.
Correlation Coefficients among Variables (N=1,419 dyads)
Variables X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
X1: Mothers’ parenting stress 1
X2: Fathers’ parenting stress .37* 1
X3: Mothers’ depression .56* .30* 1
X4: Fathers’ depression .23* .51* .38* 1
X5: Maternal family interaction −.41* −.38* −.45* −.37* 1
X6: Paternal family interaction −.37* −.46* −.32* −.43* .56* 1
X7: Happiness of children −.24* −.27* −.21* −.27* .40* .32* 1

M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation.

*p<.05.

Table 3.
Estimates of Variables for the Hypothetical Model (N=1,419 dyads)
Independent variables Dependent variables β B S.E C.R p
Mothers’ parenting stress → Mothers’ depression .56 .67 .02 25.45 <.001
Fathers’ parenting stress → Fathers’ depression .51 .62 .02 22.02 <.001
Mothers’ parenting stress → Maternal family interaction −.21 −.18 .02 −7.19 <.001
Fathers’ parenting stress → Maternal family interaction −.18 −.17 .02 −3.03 <.001
Mothers’ depression → Maternal family interaction −.30 −.20 .02 −9.72 <.001
Fathers’ depression → Maternal family interaction −.17 −.15 .02 −2.75 <.001
Mothers’ parenting stress → Paternal family interaction −.14 −.13 .02 −1.55 .120
Fathers’ parenting stress → Paternal family interaction −.30 −.25 .02 −10.77 <.001
Mothers’ depression → Paternal family interaction −.22 −.18 .02 −4.24 <.001
Fathers’ depression → Paternal family interaction −.23 −.16 .02 −8.34 <.001
Maternal family interaction → Happiness of children .40 .41 .03 13.41 <.001
Paternal family interaction → Happiness of children .10 .10 .03 −0.32 .746

CR=Critical ratio, S.E=Standard error.

Table 4.
Standardized Direct, Indirect and Total Effect of the Model (N=1,419 dyads)
Independent variables Dependent variables Direct effect (p) Indirect effect (p) Total effect (p)
Mothers’ parenting stress Maternal family interaction −.21 (<.001) −.16 (.010) −.37 (.010)
Fathers’ parenting stress Maternal family interaction −.18 (<.001) −.14 (.010) −.32 (.010)
Mothers’ depression Maternal family interaction −.30 (<.001) −.30 (<.001)
Fathers’ depression Maternal family interaction −.17 (<.001) −.17 (<.001)
Mothers’ parenting stress Paternal family interaction −.14 (.120) −.17 (.010) −.31 (.010)
Fathers’ parenting stress Paternal family interaction −.30 (<.001) −.12 (.010) −.42 (.010)
Mothers’ depression Paternal family interaction −.22 (<.001) −.22 (<.001)
Fathers’ depression Paternal family interaction −.23 (<.001) −.23 (<.001)
Mothers’ parenting stress Happiness of children −.24 (.010) −.24 (.010)
Fathers’ parenting stress Happiness of children −.14 (.015) −.14 (.015)
Mothers’ depression Happiness of children −.21 (.010) −.21 (.010)
Fathers’ depression Happiness of children −.03 (.070) −.03 (.070)
Maternal family interaction Happiness of children .40 (<.001) .40 (<.001)
Paternal family interaction Happiness of children .10 (.746) .10 (.746)
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