Journal List > J Korean Acad Nurs > v.46(3) > 1003160

Oh, Kim, Baek, Kim, Park, Yu, and Song: Effect of Music Intervention on Maternal Anxiety and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern During Non-Stress Test

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this cross-over experimental study was to examine effects of music intervention on maternal anxiety, fetal heart rate pattern and testing time during non-stress tests (NST) for antenatal fetal assessment.

Methods

Sixty pregnant women within 28 to 40 gestational weeks were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=30) or control group (n=30). Music intervention was provided to pregnant women in the experimental group during NST. Degree of maternal anxiety and fetal heart rate pattern were our primary outcomes. State-trait anxiety inventory, blood pressure, pulse rate, and changes in peripheral skin temperature were assessed to determine the degree of maternal anxiety. Baseline fetal heart rate, frequency of acceleration in fetal heart rate, fetal movement test and testing time for reactive NST were assessed to measure the fetal heart rate pattern.

Results

The experimental group showed significantly lower scores in state anxiety than the control group. There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate between the two groups. Baseline fetal heart rate was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Frequency of acceleration in fetal heart rate was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in fetal movement and testing time for reactive NST between the two groups.

Conclusion

Present results suggest that music intervention could be an effective nursing intervention for alel viating anxiety during non-stress test.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Flow diagram of subject progress through the phases of the randomized cross- over design.

jkan-46-315-g001
Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General, Obstetrics Characteristics and Research Variables of Two Experimental Group (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i001

BP=Blood pressure; BPM=Beats per minute; NST=Non-stress test; M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation; independent-samples t-test (continuous variables); χ2 test or Fisher's exact test (categorical variables).

Table 2

Paired-Samples t-test for Clinical Data Measured Twice according to Listening to Music (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i002

*When a final interpretation of NST was non-reactive, minimum time to reactive NST was decided 20 minutes; BP=Blood pressure; BPM=Beats per minute; NST=Non-stress test; M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation.

Table 3

Logistic Regression Analysis on Prediction for Decrease of State Anxiety Score in Pregnant Women Listening to Music (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i003

*Continuous variables; Binomial variables; 'Not regular' indicated 'no care'as well as 'irregular care'; Dummy variable: 1=multiparous; 1='≥undergraduate school'; 1=worker; 1='≥4 million won'; 1=having; 1=planned; 1=educated; 1=regular; 1=present; BP=Blood pressure; NST=Non-stress test.

Table 4

Multiple Regression Analysis on Estimation for Change of Fetal Acceleration according to Listening to Music* (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i004

*: 'Change of X' was defined as 'X with listening to music'minus 'X without listening to music'; BP=Blood pressure; SE=Standard error.

Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest.

References

1. Chang MY, Chen CH, Huang KF. Effects of music therapy on psychological health of women during pregnancy. J Clin Nurs. 2008; 17(19):2580–2587. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02064.x.
2. Yuksel F, Akin S, Durna Z. Prenatal distress in Turkish pregnant women and factors associated with maternal prenatal distress. J Clin Nurs. 2014; 23(1-2):54–64. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04283.x.
3. Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M. Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6:CD006908. 10.1002/14651858.CD006908.pub2.
4. Siedliecki SL, Good M. Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 54(5):553–562. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03860.x.
5. Lee JM, Hong HS. The effect of a preference music therapy on anxiety and pain of cystoscopy. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci. 2011; 13(1):44–52.
6. Ovayolu N, Ucan O, Pehlivan S, Pehlivan Y, Buyukhatipoglu H, Savas MC, et al. Listening to Turkish classical music decreases patient's anxiety, pain, dissatisfaction and the dose of sedative and analgesic drugs during colonoscopy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(46):7532–7536. 10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7532.
7. Park MI, Shin DY, Chung KM, Lee YT, Hwang JH, Kim MY, et al. The effect of maternal hearing of "α-brain wave induced sound" and "natural sounds" on fetal heart rate in preterm and term pregnancies. Korean J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 43(8):1400–1406.
8. Shin HS, Kim JH. Music therapy on anxiety, stress and maternalfetal attachment in pregnant women during transvaginal ultrasound. Asian Nurs Res. 2011; 5(1):19–27. 10.1016/s1976-1317(11)60010-8.
9. Mancuso A, De Vivo A, Fanara G, Denaro A, Laganà D, Accardo FM. Effects of antepartum electronic fetal monitoring on maternal emotional state. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008; 87(2):184–189. 10.1080/00016340701823892.
10. Kinsella MT, Monk C. Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 52(3):425–440. 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181b52df1.
11. Monk C, Fifer WP, Myers MM, Sloan RP, Trien L, Hurtado A. Maternal stress responses and anxiety during pregnancy: Effects on fetal heart rate. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000; 36(1):67–77. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(200001)36:1<67::AID-DEV7>3.0.CO;2-C.
12. Kafali H, Derbent A, Keskin E, Simavli S, Gözdemir E. Effect of maternal anxiety and music on fetal movements and fetal heart rate patterns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011; 24(3):461–464. 10.3109/14767058.2010.501122.
13. Lee JW, Park MR, Lee JB, Lee SJ, Park ES, Park YJ. A review on the methods of sample size determination in nursing research. J Korean Acad Womens Health Nurs. 1998; 4(3):375–387.
14. Kim JT, Shin DK. A study based on the standardization of the STAI for Korea. New Med J. 1978; 21(11):69–75.
15. Chang SB, Kim HS, Ko YH, Bae CH, An SE. Effects of abdominal breathing on anxiety, blood pressure, peripheral skin temperature and saturation oxygen of pregnant women in preterm labor. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2009; 15(1):32–42. 10.4069/kjwhn.2009.15.1.32.
16. Hankins GD, Miller DA. A review of the 2008 NICHD research planning workshop: Recommendations for fetal heart rate terminology and interpretation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 54(1):3–7. 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31820a015b.
17. Cito G, Luisi S, Mezzesimi A, Cavicchioli C, Calonaci G, Petraglia F. Maternal position during non-stress test and fetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005; 84(4):335–338. 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00644.x.
18. Tucker SM, Miller LA, Miller DA. Mosby's pocket guide to fetal monitoring: A multidisciplinary approach. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby;2008.
19. Sjöström K, Valentin L, Thelin T, Marsál K. Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy: Effect on fetal movements and fetal heart rate. Early Human Dev. 2002; 67(1-2):87–100. 10.1016/S0378-3782(01)00256-0.
20. Ventura T, Gomes MC, Carreira T. Cortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012; 37(1):148–156. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.016.
21. Yang M, Li L, Zhu H, Alexander IM, Liu S, Zhou W, et al. Music therapy to relieve anxiety in pregnant women on bedrest: A randomized, controlled trial. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2009; 34(5):316–323. 10.1097/01.nmc.0000360425.52228.95.
22. Shahhosseini Z, Pourasghar M, Khalilian A, Salehi F. A review of the effects of anxiety during pregnancy on children's health. Mater Sociomed. 2015; 27(3):200–202. 10.5455/msm.2015.27.200-202.
23. Kane HS, Dunkel Schetter C, Glynn LM, Hobel CJ, Sandman CA. Pregnancy anxiety and prenatal cortisol trajectories. Biol Psychol. 2014; 100:13–19.
24. Simavli S, Gumus I, Kaygusuz I, Yildirim M, Usluogullari B, Kafali H. Effect of music on labor pain relief, anxiety level and postpartum analgesic requirement: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2014; 78(4):244–250. 10.1159/000365085.
25. Biddiss E, Knibbe TJ, McPherson A. The effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing anxiety in health care waiting spaces: A systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2014; 119(2):433–448. 10.1213/ane.0000000000000294.
26. Pildner von Steinburg S, Boulesteix AL, Lederer C, Grunow S, Schiermeier S, Hatzmann W, et al. What is the "normal" fetal heart rate? PeerJ. 2013; 1:e82. 10.7717/peerj.82.
27. Monk C, Myers MM, Sloan RP, Ellman LM, Fifer WP. Effects of women's stress-elicited physiological activity and chronic anxiety on fetal heart rate. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2003; 24(1):32–38.
28. Akbarzade M, Rafiee B, Asadi N, Zare N. The effect of maternal relaxation training on reactivity of non-stress test, basal fetal heart rate, and number of fetal heart accelerations: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2015; 3(1):51–59.
29. Allister L, Lester BM, Carr S, Liu J. The effects of maternal depression on fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Dev Neuropsychol. 2001; 20(3):639–651. 10.1207/s15326942dn2003_6.
30. Olesen AG, Svare JA. Decreased fetal movements: Background, assessment, and clinical management. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004; 83(9):818–826. 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00603.x.
TOOLS
Similar articles