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Oh, Kim, Baek, Kim, Park, Yu, and Song: Effect of Music Intervention on Maternal Anxiety and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern During Non-Stress Test
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2016; 46(3): 315-326.

Published online: 30 June 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.315

Effect of Music Intervention on Maternal Anxiety and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern During Non-Stress Test

Myung Ok Oh, Young Jeoum Kim, Cho Hee Baek, Ju Hee Kim, No Mi Park, Mi Jeong Yu, Han Sol Song

Department of Nursing, Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital., Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Kim, Young Jeoum. Korea University Medical Center, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea. Tel: +82-2-920-5641, Fax: +82-2-921-5357, kyjiss72@naver.com

Received 16 July 2015       Revised 6 December 2015       Accepted 10 December 2015

© 2016 Korean Society of Nursing Science

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this cross-over experimental study was to examine effects of music intervention on maternal anxiety, fetal heart rate pattern and testing time during non-stress tests (NST) for antenatal fetal assessment.

Methods

Sixty pregnant women within 28 to 40 gestational weeks were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=30) or control group (n=30). Music intervention was provided to pregnant women in the experimental group during NST. Degree of maternal anxiety and fetal heart rate pattern were our primary outcomes. State-trait anxiety inventory, blood pressure, pulse rate, and changes in peripheral skin temperature were assessed to determine the degree of maternal anxiety. Baseline fetal heart rate, frequency of acceleration in fetal heart rate, fetal movement test and testing time for reactive NST were assessed to measure the fetal heart rate pattern.

Results

The experimental group showed significantly lower scores in state anxiety than the control group. There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate between the two groups. Baseline fetal heart rate was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Frequency of acceleration in fetal heart rate was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in fetal movement and testing time for reactive NST between the two groups.

Conclusion

Present results suggest that music intervention could be an effective nursing intervention for alel viating anxiety during non-stress test.

Keywords: Music, Fetal heart rate, Cardiotocography, Anxiety

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Flow diagram of subject progress through the phases of the randomized cross- over design.

jkan-46-315-g001
Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General, Obstetrics Characteristics and Research Variables of Two Experimental Group (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i001

BP=Blood pressure; BPM=Beats per minute; NST=Non-stress test; M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation; independent-samples t-test (continuous variables); χ2 test or Fisher's exact test (categorical variables).

Table 2

Paired-Samples t-test for Clinical Data Measured Twice according to Listening to Music (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i002

*When a final interpretation of NST was non-reactive, minimum time to reactive NST was decided 20 minutes; BP=Blood pressure; BPM=Beats per minute; NST=Non-stress test; M=Mean; SD=Standard deviation.

Table 3

Logistic Regression Analysis on Prediction for Decrease of State Anxiety Score in Pregnant Women Listening to Music (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i003

*Continuous variables; †Binomial variables; ‡'Not regular' indicated 'no care'as well as 'irregular care'; †Dummy variable: 1=multiparous; 1='≥undergraduate school'; 1=worker; 1='≥4 million won'; 1=having; 1=planned; 1=educated; 1=regular; 1=present; BP=Blood pressure; NST=Non-stress test.

Table 4

Multiple Regression Analysis on Estimation for Change of Fetal Acceleration according to Listening to Music* (N=60)

jkan-46-315-i004

*: 'Change of X' was defined as 'X with listening to music'minus 'X without listening to music'; BP=Blood pressure; SE=Standard error.

Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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