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Kim, Kim, and Cho: Gender Difference in Osteoporosis Prevalence, Awareness and Treatment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008~2011
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2015; 45(2): 293-305.

Published online: 30 April 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.293

Gender Difference in Osteoporosis Prevalence, Awareness and Treatment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008~2011

Yunmi Kim1, Jung Hwan Kim2, Dong Sook Cho1

1College of Nursing, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea.

2Department of Family Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Cho, Dong Sook. College of Nursing, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 461-832, Korea. Tel: +82-31-740-7157, Fax: +82-31-740-7359, E-mail: chds@eulji.ac.kr

Received 23 October 2014       Revised 10 November 2014       Accepted 9 February 2015

© 2015 Korean Society of Nursing Science

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the study was to assess and identify gender differences in factors associated with prevalence, awareness, and treatment of osteoporosis.

Methods

Data for 3,071 men and 3,635 women (age≥ 50) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008~2011 were included. Osteoporosis was defined by World Health Organization T-score criteria. Impact factors and odds ratios were analysed by gender using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Osteoporosis prevalence rates were 7.0% in men and 40.1% in women. Osteopenia rates were 45.5% and 46.0% respectively. Among respondents with osteoporosis, 7.6% men and 37.8% women were aware of their diagnosis. Also 5.7% men with osteoporosis and 22.8% women were treated. Higher prevalence was found among respondents who were older, at lower socioeconomic levels, with lower body mass index and shorter height in both genders, and among women with fracture history, and non-hormonal replacement therapy. Awareness and treatment rates for the risk groups were similar compared to the low risk controls for both genders. Fracture history increased awareness and treatment rates independently for both genders. Women with perceived poor health status and health screening had increased awareness and treatment rates, but not men.

Conclusion

Results indicate that postmenopausal women have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis than men and awareness and treatment rates were higher than for men. Despite gender difference in prevalence, osteoporosis was underdiagnosed and undertreated for both genders. Specialized public education and routine health screenings according to gender could be effective strategies to increase osteoporosis awareness and treatment.

Keywords: Osteoporosis, Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, Bone density

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General Characteristics of the Study Population by Gender

jkan-45-293-i001

*Among persons with lumbar spine or femoral neck T-score≤ -2.5, or taking anti-osteoporotic medications; OFM=Other family members; SES=Socioeconomic status; BMI=Body mass index; n=Unweighted sample size; N=Weighted sample size; W %=Weighted percent.

Table 2

Osteoporosis Prevalence* according to Characteristics by Gender

jkan-45-293-i002

*Among persons with lumbar spine or femoral neck T-score≤ -2.5, or taking anti-osteoporotic medications; EP=estimated proportion; OFM=Other family members; SES=Socioeconomic status; BMI=Body mass index; n=Unweighted sample size; N=Weighted sample size; W %=Weighted percent.

Table 3

Osteoporosis Awareness* according to Characteristics by Gender

jkan-45-293-i003

*Among persons with lumbar spine or femoral neck T-score≤ -2.5, or taking anti-osteoporotic medications; OFM=Other family members; SES=Socioeconomic status; BMI=Body mass index; n=Unweighted sample size; N=Weighted sample size; W %=Weighted percent.

Table 4

Osteoporosis Treatment* according to Characteristics by Gender

jkan-45-293-i004

*Among persons with lumbar spine or femoral neck T-score≤ -2.5, or taking anti-osteoporotic medications; OFM=Other family members; SES=Socioeconomic status; BMI=Body mass index; n=Unweighted sample size; N=Weighted sample size; W %=Weighted percent.

Table 5

Odds ratios for Osteoporosis Prevalence, Awareness and Treatment by Gender

jkan-45-293-i005

OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval; OFM=Other family members; SES=Socioeconomic status; BMI=Body mass index; n=Unweighted sample size; N=weighted sample size; All data were weighted to the residential population of Korea; *p<.05; †p<.001; ‡Among persons with lumbar spine or femoral neck T-score≤ -2.5, or taking anti-osteoporotic medications.

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