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Park, Sung, Kim, and Lee: Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function
Original Article

J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(4):351-360.

Published online: 15 August 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.4.351

Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function

Myonghwa Park1, , Mi Ra Sung2, Sun Kyung Kim3, Dong Young Lee4

1College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon

2Department of Nursing, Yong-In Songdam College, Yong-In

3Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon

4Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital · Seoul Metropolitan Center for Dementia, Seoul, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Park, Myonghwa College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea Tel: +82-42-580-8328 Fax: +82-42-580-8309 E-mail: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr

Received 24 March 2014       Revised 16 April 2014       Accepted 17 June 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Nursing Science

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was done to compare demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and health habits of elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elders with cognitively normal function (CNF).

Methods

Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the Database of the Seoul Dementia Management Project for 5,773 adults age 60 and above.

Results

The MCI group showed an older age distribution, but there was no significant education difference between the two groups. Elders with MCI had more diabetes and stroke than elders with CNF. In subgroups, the same findings were observed in women, but not in men. While more men with MCI had hypertension compared to men with CNF, there was no significant difference in hypertension between the two groups for women. Elders with MCI, men in particular, had a lower prevalence of obesity than men with CNF. MCI individuals did less exercise compared to individuals with CNF. While there were no significant differences in alcohol consumption and smoking between MCI and CNF groups, the over 80's subgroup with MCI reported more alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

Findings from this study could be helpful in designing community-based dementia prevention programs and health policies to reduce the prevalence of dementia or related cognitive impairments.

Keywords: Mild cognitive impairment, Dementia, Comorbidity, Health habit, Aged

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Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
Characteristics Categories Male (n=2,050) Female (n=3,723) Total (n=5,773)
Normal (n=994) MCI (n=1,056) χ2 or t p Normal (n=2,017) MCI (n=1,706) χ2 or t p Normal (n=3,011) MCI (n=2,762) χ2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Age (year) 60-69 386 (38.8) 310 (29.4) 26.99 <.001 721 (35.8) 553 (32.4) 8.66 .013 1,107 (36.8) 863 (31.2) 26.49 <.001
70-79 ≥80 508 (51.1) 100 (10.1) 582 (55.1) 164 (15.5) 958 (47.5) 338 (16.7) 810 (47.5) 343 (20.1) 1,466 (48.7) 438 (14.5) 1,392 (50.4) 507 (18.4)
71.66±6.01 72.94±7.02 4.47 <.001 72.54±6.73 72.98±7.43 1.86 .058 72.25±6.51 72.96±7.28 3.95 <.001
Education 0 51 (5.1) 49 (4.6) 14.36 .002 583 (28.8) 513 (30.0) 7.95 .047 633 (21.0) 642 (23.2) 23.40 <.001
   (year) 1-6 284 (28.6) 322 (30.5) 820 (40.7) 695 (40.8) 1,104 (36.7) 1,051 (38.1)
7-12 ≥13 447 (45.0) 212 (21.3) 526 (49.8) 159 (15.1) 528 (26.2) 86 (4.3) 432 (25.3) 66 (3.9) 975 (32.4) 298 (9.9) 842 (30.5) 227 (8.2)
9.59±4.56 9.18±5.01 −1.92 .055 5.52±4.32 5.29±4.58 −1.60 .109 6.91±4.93 6.71±5.00 −1.59 .112
Health insurance NHI Medical aid 923 (92.8) 71 (7.2) 950 (89.8) 106 (10.2) 5.45 .142 1,769 (87.7) 248 (12.3) 1,493 (87.5) 213 (12.5) 3.39 .335 2,691 (89.4) 320 (10.6) 2,441 (88.4) 321 (11.6) 4.09 .252
Living Spouse 512 (51.5) 505 (48.5) 11.09 .028 493 (24.4) 390 (23.2) 14.81 .005 1,005 (33.4) 908 (32.9) 21.84 <.001
   arrangement Spouse & other family 327 (32.9) 331 (31.8) 330 (16.4) 287 (17.0) 657 (21.8) 627 (22.7)
Other family 51 (5.1) 70 (6.8) 611 (30.3) 527 (31.3) 661 (22.0) 606 (21.9)
Alone 104 (10.5) 134 (12.9) 583 (28.9) 479 (28.5) 687 (22.8) 621 (22.5)

MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.

Table 2.
Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Age (N=5,773)
Characteristics Categories 60-69 70-79 ≥80
Normal (n=1,107) MCI (n=855) χ2 or t p Normal (n=1,466) MCI (n=1,400) χ2 or t p Normal (n=438) MCI (n=507) χ2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Gender Male 386 (34.9) 310 (35.9) 0.24 .628 508 (34.7) 585 (41.8) 15.51 <.001 100 (22.8) 164 (32.3) 10.57 <.001
Female 721 (65.1) 553 (64.1) 958 (65.3) 815 (58.2) 338 (77.2) 343 (67.7)
Age 66.20±2.33 65.91±2.48 −2.58 .010 73.87±2.78 74.18±2.71 2.98 .003 83.16±3.04 83.63±3.35 2.22 .026
Education 0 118 (10.7) 73 (8.5) 11.89 .008 313 (21.4) 238 (17.0) 18.36 <.001 202 (46.1) 167 (32.9) 27.78 <.001
1-6 392 (35.4) 335 (39.2) 558 (38.1) 543 (38.8) 153 (34.9) 174 (34.3)
7-12 468 (42.3) 380 (44.5) 445 (30.3) 506 (36.2) 63 (14.4) 120 (23.7)
≥13 129 (11.6) 67 (7.8) 150 (10.2) 113 (8.1) 20 (4.6) 46 (9.1)
7.94±4.66 7.75±4.55 −0.95 .344 6.57±5.05 6.80±4.99 1.20 .231 3.89±4.50 5.57±5.13 5.35 <.001
Health NHI 1,028 (92.9) 764 (89.4) 7.19 .007 1,304 (88.9) 1,234 (88.2) 0.40 .525 359 (82.0) 442 (87.2) 4.95 .026
   insurance Medical aid 79 (7.1) 91 (10.6) 162 (11.1) 166 (11.8) 79 (18.0) 65 (12.8)
Living Spouse 413 (37.4) 278 (32.5) 7.92 .095 511 (34.9) 516 (36.9) 12.95 .012 81 (18.5) 115 (22.6) 22.79 <.001
   arrangement Spouse & other family 362 (32.6) 291 (34.0) 269 (18.3) 282 (20.1) 29 (6.7) 58 (11.6)
Other family 142 (12.8) 123 (14.4) 332 (22.7) 279 (19.1) 185 (42.2) 195 (38.3)
Alone 190 (17.2) 163 (19.1) 354 (24.1) 323 (23.1) 143 (32.6) 139 (27.5)

MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.

Table 3.
Comorbidity and Health Habits of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
Variables Categories Male Female Total
Normal (n=994) MCI (n=1,056) OR (95% CI) Normal (n=2,017) MCI (n=1,706) OR (95% CI) Normal (n=3,011) MCI (n=2,762) OR (95% CI)
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Comorbidity HTN* No 496 (49.9) 428 (44.4) 1.20 828 (41.1) 673 (42.3) 0.93 1,324 (44.0) 1,101 (43.1) 0.90
Yes 498 (50.1) 535 (55.6) (1.09-1.31) 1,188 (58.9) 918 (57.7) (0.73-1.11) 1,686 (56.0) 1,453 (56.9) (0.79-1.01)
      DM* No 755 (76.0) 698 (74.4) 0.94 1,636 (81.1) 1,151 (75.2) 1.36 2,391 (79.4) 1,849 (74.9) 1.20
Yes 239 (24.0) 240 (25.6) (0.75-1.17) 381 (18.9) 380 (24.8) (1.15-1.60) 620 (20.6) 620 (25.1) (1.04-1.39)
      HC* No 908 (91.3) 833 (90.6) 0.91 1,630 (80.8) 1,259 (83.0) 0.88 2,538 (84.3) 2,092 (85.9) 0.83
Yes 86 (8.7) 86 (9.4) (0.65-1.27) 387 (19.2) 257 (17.0) (0.61-1.01) 473 (15.7) 343 (14.1) (0.66-1.00)
      Heart No 910 (91.5) 818 (89.1) 1.10 1,818 (90.1) 1,348 (89.7) 0.98 2,728 (90.6) 2,166 (89.5) 0.98
         disease* Yes 84 (8.5) 100 (10.9) (0.80-1.52) 199 (9.9) 154 (10.3) (0.76-1.23) 283 (9.4) 254 (10.5) (0.84-1.22)
      Stroke* No 933 (93.9) 794 (86.9) 2.13 1,926 (95.5) 1,379 (93.4) 1.45 2,859 (95.0) 2,173 (90.9) 1.95
Yes 61 (6.1) 120 (13.1) (1.53-2.97) 90 (4.5) 98 (6.6) (1.11-2.03) 151 (5.0) 218 (9.1) (1.55-2.46)
      Obesity* <20.0 91 (7.0) 97 (8.9) 0.75 179 (9.1) 145 (11.9) 0.94 270 (9.1) 242 (12.0) 0.87
         (BMI) 20.0-25.0 896 (69.4) 794 (72.7) (0.64-0.89) 1,170 (59.3) 685 (56.2) (0.83-1.06) 1,753 (59.4) 1,179 (58.7) (0.79-0.96)
≥25.1 304 (23.6) 202 (18.4) 626 (31.6) 387 (31.9) 930 (31.5) 589 (29.3)
Health habits Alcohol consumption* No Yes 321 (32.3) 673 (67.7) 363 (36.2) 639 (63.8) 0.97 (0.78-1.19) 1,793 (88.9) 224 (11.1) 1,460 (89.0) 180 (11.0) 1.00 (0.81-1.25) 2,114 (70.2) 897 (29.8) 1,823 (69.0) 819 (31.0) 1.09 (0.95-1.26)
      Smoking* No 366 (36.8) 439 (43.6) 0.80 1,935 (95.9) 1,571 (95.2) 1.19 2,301 (76.4) 2,010 (75.6) 1.03
Yes 628 (63.2) 568 (56.4) (0.65-0.98) 82 (4.1) 80 (4.8) (0.85-1.66) 710 (23.6) 648 (24.4) (0.88-1.20)
      Exercise* No 332 (33.4) 469 (48.5) 0.54 927 (46.0) 841 (52.8) 0.77 1,259 (41.9) 1,310 (51.2) 0.68
Yes 662 (66.6) 498 (51.5) (0.45-0.65) 1,087 (54.0) 752 (47.2) (0.67-0.87) 1,749 (58.1) 1,250 (48.8) (0.61-0.76)

*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.

Table 4.
Comorbidity and Health Habits of Normal and MCI Group by Age (N=5,773)
Variables Categories 60-69 70-79 ≥80
Normal (n=1,107) MCI (n=855) OR (95% CI) Normal (n=1,466) MCI (n=1,400) OR (95% CI) Normal (n=438) MCI (n=507) OR (95% CI)
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Comorbidity HTN* No Yes 560 (50.6) 547 (49.4) 392 (49.7) 396 (50.3) 0.91 (0.75-1.11) 604 (41.2) 862 (58.8) 531 (41.0) 764 (59.0) 0.88 (0.75-1.03) 160 (36.5) 278 (63.5) 178 (37.8) 293 (62.2) 0.75 (0.55-1.03)
      DM* No 905 (81.8) 596 (77.1) 1.21 1,128 (76.9) 907 (72.9) 1.16 358 (81.7) 346 (76.7) 1.29
Yes 202 (18.2) 177 (22.9) (0.95-1.55) 338 (23.1) 338 (27.1) (0.97-1.39) 80 (18.3) 105 (23.3) (0.89-1.87)
      HC* No Yes 901 (81.4) 206 (18.6) 633 (82.9) 131 (17.1) 0.80 (0.62-1.03) 1,234 (84.2) 232 (15.8) 1,050 (85.7) 175 (14.3) 0.88 (0.62-1.02) 403 (92.0) 35 (8.0) 409 (91.7) 37 (8.3) 1.08 (0.63-1.87)
      Heart No 1,026 (92.7) 700 (93.2) 0.80 1,301 (88.7) 1,074 (87.6) 1.00 401 (91.6) 392 (88.5) 1.23
         disease* Yes 81 (7.3) 51 (6.8) (0.54-1.18) 165 (11.3) 152 (12.4) (0.78-1.28) 37 (8.4) 51 (11.5) (0.74-2.05)
      Stroke* No Yes 1,055 (95.3) 52 (4.7) 673 (90.2) 73 (9.8) 2.07 (1.42-3.04) 1,392 (95.0) 74 (5.0) 1,092 (90.5) 115 (9.5) 2.00 (1.46-2.72) 412 (94.1) 26 (5.9) 408 (93.2) 30 (6.8) 1.35 (0.75-2.41)
      Obesity* <20.0 74 (6.7) 59 (8.8) 0.97 118 (8.1) 128 (12.4) 0.80 79 (18.1) 55 (16.3) 1.01
         (BMI) 20.0-25.0 699 (60.5) 391 (58.3) (0.81-1.16) 860 (58.7) 601 (58.2) (0.69-0.92) 269 (61.4) 216 (63.9) (0.79-1.29)
≥25.1 361 (32.7) 220 (32.9) 488 (33.2) 304 (29.4) 90 (20.5) 67 (19.8)
      Health Alcohol No 727 (65.7) 553 (66.9) 0.96 1,031 (70.3) 909 (68.3) 1.15 356 (81.3) 361 (74.4) 1.57
         habits consumption* Yes 380 (34.3) 274 (33.1) (0.76-1.22) 435 (29.7) 421 (31.7) (0.93-1.41) 82 (18.7) 124 (25.6) (1.07-2.32)
      Smoking* No Yes 846 (76.4) 261 (23.6) 637 (76.7) 193 (23.3) 1.03 (0.79-1.34) 1,095 (74.7) 371 (25.3) 986 (73.7) 351 (26.3) 1.02 (0.82-1.26) 360 (82.2) 78 (17.8) 387 (78.8) 104 (21.2) 0.97 (0.65-1.45)
      Exercise* No 423 (38.2) 358 (44.8) 0.76 592 (40.5) 654 (50.9) 0.65 244 (55.7) 298 (62.9) 0.71
Yes 684 (61.8) 442 (55.3) (0.63-0.91) 871 (59.5) 632 (49.1) (0.56-0.76) 194 (44.3) 176 (37.1) (0.54-0.93)

*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass Index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.

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