Journal List > J Korean Acad Nurs > v.44(2) > 1002982

TOOLS
Lee and Lee: Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI)
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2014; 44(2): 209-218.

Published online: 30 April 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.209

Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI)

Younju Lee1, Mihyoung Lee2

1Department of Nursing, JEI University, Incheon, Korea.

2Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Lee, Mihyoung. Department of Nursing, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea. Tel: +82-32-860-8205, Fax: +82-32-874-5880, mihyoung@inha.ac.kr

Received 2 January 2014       Revised 4 February 2014       Accepted 27 March 2014

© 2014 Korean Society of Nursing Science

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to assess bullying of nurses, and test the validity and reliability of the instrument.

Methods

The initial thirty items of WPBN-TI were identified through a review of the literature on types bullying related to nursing and in-depth interviews with 14 nurses who experienced bullying at work. Sixteen items were developed through 2 content validity tests by 9 experts and 10 nurses. The final WPBN-TI instrument was evaluated by 458 nurses from five general hospitals in the Incheon metropolitan area. SPSS 18.0 program was used to assess the instrument based on internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity.

Results

WPBN-TI consisted of 16 items with three distinct factors (verbal and nonverbal bullying, work-related bullying, and external threats), which explained 60.3% of the total variance. The convergent validity and determinant validity for WPBN-TI were 100.0%, 89.7%, respectively. Known-groups validity of WPBN-TI was proven through the mean difference between subjective perception of bullying. The satisfied criterion validity for WPBN-TI was more than .70. The reliability of WPBN-TI was Cronbach's α of .91.

Conclusions

WPBN-TI with high validity and reliability is suitable to determine types of bullying in nursing workplace.

Keywords: Workplace bullying, Nurses, Instrument development

Figures and Tables

Figure 1
Framework for theoretical phase of types of workplace bullying.
jkan-44-209-g001
Table 1
Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=458)
jkan-44-209-i001

ICU=Intensive care unit; ER=Emergency room; OR=Operating room; OPD=Outpatient department.

Table 2
Rotated Factor Pattern Matrix and Communality of WPBN-TI
jkan-44-209-i002

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 3
Multitrait/Multi-item Matrix of WPBN-TI (Correlation Matrix Corrected for Overlap)
jkan-44-209-i003

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 4
Difference between Subjective Workplace Bullying Victimization and WPBN-TI
jkan-44-209-i004

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; SWPBV=Subjective workplace bullying victimization.

Table 5
Correlations between the WPBN-TI and NAQ-R
jkan-44-209-i005

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; NAQ-R=Negative acts questionnaire-revised.

Notes

This manuscript is a based on a part of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Inha University.

This work was supported by INHA University Research Grant.

References

1. Pearson CM, Andersson LM, Porath CL. Workplace incivility. In : Fox S, Spector PE, editors. Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;2004. p. 177–200.
2. Rutherford A, Rissel C. A survey of workplace bullying in a health sector organisation. Aust Health Rev. 2004; 28(1):65–72.
3. Abe K, Henly SJ. Bullying (ijime) among Japanese hospital nurses: Modeling responses to the revised negative acts questionnaire. Nurs Res. 2010; 59(2):110–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181d1a709.
4. Berry PA, Gillespie GL, Gates D, Schafer J. Novice nurse productivity following workplace bullying. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2012; 44(1):80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01436.x.
5. Nam W, Kim JW, Kim YK, Koo JW, Park CY. The reliability and validity of the negative acts questionnaire-revised (NAQ-R) for nurses for the assessment of workplace bullying. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 22(2):129–139.
6. Park KO, Kim SY, Kim JK. Hospital nurses' experience of bullying in the workplace and burnout, organizational commitment, turnover intention and nursing productivity. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2013; 19(2):169–180.
7. Lee Y, Lee M, Bernstein K. Effect of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013; 22(2):77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2013.22.2.77.
8. Vessey JA, Demarco R, DiFazio R. Bullying, harassment, and horizontal violence in the nursing workforce: The state of the science. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2010; 28:133–157.
9. Einarsen S, Hoel H, Notelaers G. Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire-revised. Work Stress. 2009; 23(1):24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673.
10. Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R. Prevalence of bullying at work and its association with self-esteem scores in a Spanish nurse sample. Contemp Nurse. 2012; 42(1):2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2012.42.1.2.
11. Jacobson KJL, Hood JN, Van Buren III HJ. Workplace bullying across cultures: A research agenda. Int J Cross Cult Manag. 2014; 14(1):47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595813494192.
12. Kim MS. Role of self-leadership in the relationship between organizational culture and informatics competency. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009; 39(5):731–740. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.731.
13. Min S, Kim HS. Correlation between perception of nurses about transformational leadership and nursing performance. Daehan J Bus. 2005; 18(2):871–885.
14. Kang H. A guide on the use of factor analysis in the assessment of construct validity. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013; 43(5):587–594. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.5.587.
15. Waschgler K, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Llor-Esteban B, Jiménez-Barbero JA. Vertical and lateral workplace bullying in nursing: Development of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale. J Interpers Violence. 2013; 28(12):2389–2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479027.
16. Lee YJ, Bernstein K, Lee M, Nokes KM. Bullying in nursing workplace: Applying evidence using a conceptual framework. Nurs Econ. 2014; Forthcoming.
17. Lee Y. The conceptual development and development of new instruments to measure bullying in nursing workplace [dissertation]. Incheon: Inha University;2014.
18. Park HS. Behavior and attitude on pilot Korean-DRG system among doctors and nurses [master's thesis]. Busan: Inje University;2002.
19. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986; 35(6):382–385.
20. Williams B, Brown T, Onsman A. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. J Emerg Prim Health Care. 2010; 8(3):Article 990399.
21. Han SS, Lee SC. SPSS nursing and health statistical analysis. Seoul: Hyunmoon;2006.
22. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 health survey: Manual and institute. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center;1993.
23. Cho YH, Hong YR, Lee AM, Kim MK, Lee HJ, Han AK, et al. Experience of verbal abuse, emotional response, and ways to deal with verbal abuse against nurses in hospital. Korean J Occup Health Nurs. 2011; 20(3):270–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5807/kjohn.2011.20.3.270.
24. Lee SH, Chung SE. Nurses's experience of verbal violence in hospital setting. J Korean Acad Nurs Adm. 2007; 13(4):526–536.
25. Seo YN, Leather P, Coyne I. South Korean culture and history: The implications for workplace bullying. Aggress Violent Behav. 2012; 17(5):419–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.003.
26. Johnson SL. International perspectives on workplace bullying among nurses: A review. Int Nurs Rev. 2009; 56(1):34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00679.x.
27. Han KS, Choi MY, Lee SJ. Experiences of job stress-coping in health care professionals. Korean J Stress Res. 2013; 21(2):131–139.
28. Hutchinson M, Wilkes L, Vickers M, Jackson D. The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace. Nurse Res. 2008; 15(2):19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr2008.01.15.2.19.c6326.
29. Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL. The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In : Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL, editors. Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;2011. p. 3–39.
30. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis: With readings. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Pulishing Company;1992.
TOOLS
Similar articles