Abstract
Purpose
This study was done to identify effects of a smoking cessation program including telephone counseling and text messaging using stages of change for outpatients who have had a myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods
This research was a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest. The participants were 48 outpatients (experimental group=24, control group=24) recruited from one university hospital. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a) an experimental group with telephone counseling (once a week) and text messaging (five times a week) using stages of change, and (b) a control group with traditional telephone counseling (once a month). Efficacy of the intervention was measured by comparing the two groups on smoking-related variables at 3 weeks and 12 weeks.
Results
At the 3-week and 12-week measurements, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups on smoking cessation self-efficacy (p<.001), nicotine dependence (p<.001), CO levels (p<.001), and smoking cessation rates (p<.001).
Conclusion
The results indicate that the smoking cessation program including telephone counseling and text messaging using stages of change is effective for outpatients after a MI. Further attention should be paid to the intensity of the smoking cessation program and periods for long-term follow-up.
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Intervention Principle of Stage-matched Smoking Cessation Program using Telephone Counseling and Text Messaging

References
1. Ahn HK, Lee HJ, Jung DS, Lee SY, Kim SW, Kang JH. The reliability and validity of Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependence. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2002; 23(8):999–1008.
2. Aveyard P, Lawrence T, Cheng KK, Griffin C, Croghan E, Johnson C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model-based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage. Br J Health Psychol. 2006; 11(Pt 2):263–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910705x52534.
3. Balmford J, Borland R, Benda P, Howard S. Factors associated with use of automated smoking cessation interventions: Findings from the eQuit study. Health Educ Res. 2013; 28(2):288–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cys104.
4. Barth J, Critchley J, Bengel J. Psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (1):CD006886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006886.
5. Cahill K, Lancaster T, Green N. Stage-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (11):CD004492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004492.pub4.
6. Chang SO, Kim EJ, Kil SY, Seomun GA, Lee SJ. Influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers-based on the transtheoretical model. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2005; 35(7):1410–1419.
7. Cho KS, Song TM. Analysis of key factors in smoking cessation and cost effectiveness at public health centers. Health Welf Policy Forum. 2006; 12:65–77.
8. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review. JAMA. 2003; 290(1):86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.1.86.
9. Dornelas EA, Sampson RA, Gray JF, Waters D, Thompson PD. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation counseling after myocardial infarction. Prev Med. 2000; 30(4):261–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0644.
10. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009; 41(4):1149–1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
11. Brunner Frandsen N, Sorensen M, Hyldahl TK, Henriksen RM, Bak S. Smoking cessation intervention after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. A randomized controlled pilot trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012; 14(4):443–447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr233.
12. Haug S, Meyer C, Schorr G, Bauer S, John U. Continuous individual support of smoking cessation using text messaging: A pilot experimental study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009; 11(8):915–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp084.
13. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. 2011 National health insurance statistical yearbook. 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. from http://www.hira.or.kr/cms/information/05/03/01/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2012/12/10/2011.pdf.
14. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991; 86(9):1119–1127.
15. Hyun HJ, Ahn HY. An analysis of the research on effect of smoking cessation intervention. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008; 19(3):469–479.
16. Kim H, Kwon EJ, Lim J, Jung H, Cha JK, Cho S, et al. The effects of smoking cessation clinics in the Korean armed forces: Application of the transtheoretical model and life skill approaches. Korean J Health Educ Promot. 2011; 28(4):79–94.
17. Kim YH, Kim JS, Kim MS. Effectiveness of public health center smoking cessation counseling program using the transtheoretical model. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009; 39(4):469–479. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.4.469.
18. Korea Internet and Security Agency. 2012 Survey on the internet usage. 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. from http://isis.kisa.or.kr/board/index.jsp?pageId=040100&bbsId=7&itemId=792&pageIndex=1.
19. Naughton F, Prevost AT, Gilbert H, Sutton S. Randomized controlled trial evaluation of a tailored leaflet and SMS text message self-help intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). Nicotine Tob Res. 2012; 14(5):569–577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr254.
20. Park SS, Lee JY, Cho SI. Validity of expired carbon monoxide and urine cotinine using dipstick method to assess smoking status. J Prev Med Public Health. 2007; 40(4):297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.4.297.
21. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub Co;1994.
22. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992; 47(9):1102–1114.
23. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, DiClemente CC, Fava J. Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988; 56(4):520–528.
24. Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munafo MR, Stead LF. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 5:CD001837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001837.pub3.
25. Ryu SY, Shin JH, Kang MG, Park J. Factors associated with intention to quit smoking among male smokers in 13 communities in honam region of Korea: 2010 community health survey. Korean J Health Educ Promot. 2011; 28(2):75–85.
26. Sim DS, Kim JH, Jeong MH. Differences in clinical outcomes between patients with ST-elevation versus non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction in Korea. Korean Circ J. 2009; 39(8):297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2009.39.8.297.
27. Statistics Korea. The cause of death statistics: 2011. 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. from http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=260046&page.
28. Stead LF, Perera R, Lancaster T. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (3):CD002850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub2.
29. Velicer WF, DiClemente CC, Rossi JS, Prochaska JO. Relapse situations and self-efficacy: An integrative model. Addict Behav. 1990; 15(3):271–283.
30. Whittaker R, Borland R, Bullen C, Lin RB, McRobbie H, Rodgers A. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (4):CD006611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub2.
31. Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Borland R, Rodgers A, Gu Y. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11:CD006611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub3.