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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for pathological gambling of horse race participants.
Methods
The participants, 508 horse race gamblers, completed the DSM-IV criteria of pathological gambling, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and Symptom Checklist-47-Revision (SCL-47-R). Data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analyses. Behaviors related to horse racing, alcohol abuse, and mental health were analyzed between problem or pathological gamblers compared to recreational gamblers.
Results
The prevalence rates of recreational, problem, and pathological gambling were 36.6%, 39.4%, and 24.0%, respectively. Frequency of gambling (≥4/day), frequency of racetrack visiting (≥3/month), accompaniment (alone), and mental health (SCL-47-R scores) were all associated with increased risks of problem and pathological gambling. Expenditure on betting (≥200,000 won/day) and alcohol abuse (AUDIT-K 8-20 scores) group members had higher levels of gambling pathology than recreational gamblers.
Figures and Tables
Table 3
Comparison of Alcohol Abuse and Mental Health among Recreational, Problem, and Pathological Gamblers (N=508)
Table 4
Risk Factors of Problem and Pathological Gambling by Using Univariate Analysis (N=508)
OR=odds ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval; AUDIT-K=Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test; SCL-47-R=symptom checklist-47-revision.
Reference group: 1. gender: female, 2. age: ≤ 40 years, 3. education:< university, 4. employment: employed, 5. residence of Jeju province: non-residents, 6. age at first gambling:< 30 years, 7. frequency of gambling:< 4/day, 8. frequency of visits to racetrack:< 3/month, 9. expenditure on betting:< 200,000 won/day, 10. accompaniment: friend (s)/colleague or family.
Table 5
Risk Factors of Problem and Pathological Gambling by Multivariate Analysis (N=508)
OR=odds ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval; AUDIT-K=Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test; SCL-47-R=symptom checklist-47-revision.
Reference group: 1. residence of Jeju province: non-residents, 2. frequency of gambling:< 4/day, 3. frequency of visits to racetrack:< 3/month, 4. accompaniment: friend (s)/colleague or family, 5. expenditure on betting:< 200,000 won/day, 6. alcohol abuse: AUDIT-K ≤ 7 scores.
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