Abstract
Purpose
This study was to examine the effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue and blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women.
Methods
A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 59 premenopausal, middle-aged women in their 40s and 60s living in G city: 30 in the experiment group and 29 in the control group. Data were collected from May to August 2008. Self-foot reflexology was performed three times a week for 6 weeks for 40 min at each session.
Figures and Tables
References
1. Byeon YS, Lee JI. Reliability and validity tests for the Fatigue Assessment Instrument (FAI). Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2004. 11:220–225.
2. Chang SB, Jun EM. Effects of SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the college students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003. 33:1038–1046.
3. Cho GP, Kim BW, Lee JS, Noh MH. Physiology. 2005. Seoul: Jungdam Media.
4. Cho KS. The effect of a hand massage program on anxiety and immune function in clients with cataract surgery under local anesthesia. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 1998. 29:97–106.
5. Choi J. Effects of husband and wife compatibility and self-efficacy on health promotion behavior in middle aged women. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2007. 14:507–514.
6. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. 1988. 2nd ed.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Grealish L, Lamaseney A, Whiteman B. Foot massage: A nursing intervention to modify the distressing symptoms of pain and nausea in patients hospitalized with cancer. Cancer Nursing. 2000. 23:237–243.
8. Han KS. Effect of an integrated stress management program on the stress symptoms of psychophysiological patients. 1997. Seoul: Yonsei University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
9. Han HH, Lee YJ, Chae YJ, Eun JS, Lee HH, Park JW. The effectiveness of foot-reflexo-massage on the postoperative pain of gastrectomy patients. The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2005. 20:136–143.
10. Harrison Internal Medicine Compilation Committee. Harrison Internal Medicine II. 1997. Seoul: Jungdam Media.
11. Havighurt RL. Development tasks and education. 1972. 3rd ed.New York, NY: David McKay.
12. Hwang JH. The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006. 36:1123–1134.
13. Jin SJ, Kim YK. The effects of foot reflexology massage on sleep and fatigue of elderly women. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2005. 17:493–502.
14. Jirayingmongkol P, Chantein S, Phengchomjan N, Bhanggananda N. The effect of foot massage with biofeedback: A pilot study to enhance health promotion. Nursing and Health Science. 2002. 4:1–10.
15. Khan S, Otter S, Springett K. The effect of reflexology on foot pain and quality of life in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: A case report. The Foot. 2005. 16:112–116.
16. Kim DH, Song RH. The effect of foot reflexolo-massage on depression, activities of daily living, quality of life and physiological index of elderly. Journal of Welfare for the Aged. 2004. 25:75–100.
17. Kim KB, Yoo JH, Lee EJ. The experiences of the middle-aged women's crisis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2002. 32:305–316.
18. Kim KS. The effect of preparatory information on stress reduction in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. 1990. Seoul: Seoul National University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
19. Population projections for Korea: 1960-2050. Korea National Statistical Office. 2006. 11. Retrieved December 3, 2008. from
http://www.nas.go.kr.
20. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. 1984. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
21. Lee JI. Effects of walking exercise intensities on fatigue, serum lipid and immune function among middle-aged women. 2004. Seoul: Ewha Womans University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
22. Lee JR. Effects of aromatherapy and foot reflex massage on stress, depression, and sleep pattern of the institutionalized elderly. 2005. Daegu: Kyungpook National University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
23. Lee MS, Kim MJ, Oh JM, Kim JI, Yang HO. Foot reflexology health therapy. 2005. Seoul: Kwangmoongak.
24. Lee WH, Kim CJ. The relationship between depression, perceived stress, fatigue and anger in clinical nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006. 36:925–932.
25. Lee YM. Effect of self-foot reflexology massage on depression, stress reponses and immune functions of middle aged women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006. 36:179–189.
26. Lee YM, Sohng KY. The Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue and insomnia in patients suffering from coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005. 35:1221–1228.
27. Levenstein S, Prantera C, Varvo V, Scribano E, Berto E, Luzi C, et al. Development of the perceived stress questionnaire: A new tool for psychosomatic research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993. 37:19–32.
28. Lundberg U. Stress hormones in health and illness: The roles of work and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005. 30:1017–1021.
29. Mackey BT. Massage therapy and reflexology awareness. Nursing Clinic of North America. 2001. 36:159–170.
30. Oh JS. Self massage on hands and feet. 1997. Seoul: Sam Sa Dang.
31. Park Y, Hong MS. The effects of music therapy in the reduction of anxiety and discomfort on patients undergoing gastrofibroscopy. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2003. 15:67–77.
32. Park YJ, Koo BS, Kang HC, Chun SH, Yoon JW. The menopausal age and climacteric symptoms, and the related factors of Korean women. Journal of Korean Academy of Womens Health Nursing. 2001. 7:473–485.
33. Rhee IS. Effects of self-foot reflexo-massage on the climacteric women. 2005. Seoul: Chung Ang University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
34. Schwartz JE, Jandorf L, Krupp LB. The measurement of fatigue: A new instrument. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993. 33:753–762.
35. So JR. Foot reflexology health therapy. 2007. Seoul: Truth Inquiry.
36. Song MR, Song HM. The effects of foot reflexology on ADL and fatigue in stroke patients. Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing. 2005. 8:139–148.
37. Stephenson N, Dalton JA, Carlson J. The effect of foot reflexology on pain in patients with metastatic cancer. Applied Nursing Research. 2003. 16:284–286.
38. Stevens RC, Soelberg SD, Near S, Fuelong CE. Detection of cortisol in saliva with a flow-filtered, portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor system. Analytical Chemistry. 2008. 80:6747–6751.
39. Uhm DC. Effects of foot reflexo-massage on blood velocity of lower extremities, physical status and mood of elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. 2003. Seoul: Seoul National University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
40. Varricchio CG. Selecting a tool for measuring fatigue. Oncology Nursing Forum. 1985. 2:124–127.
41. Wang MJ, Kim JA, Lee JO, Lee AH, Lee CH, Cha NH, et al. Foot care for health promotion. 2002. Seoul: Hyunmoonsa.
42. Yoo MS. A comparative study on complaints of menopausal symptom of nuns and married women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2000. 30:18–28.
43. You MY. An effect of feet massage on the circulation of blood and stress. 2006. Seoul: Hansung University;Unpublished master's thesis.