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Abstract
Background
The results of previous studies suggest that portion size is a major factor dictating dietary energy intake. We investigated the relationship between frequencies of rice meals, bowl volumes, and dietary energy intake in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods
A total of 203 type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled in the study. A one-week food diary was collected from each patient and used to assess the types of meal consumed as well as the context of consumption. The volumes of the eating vessels (rice, soup and side dish bowls) used by each patient were obtained by comparisons to measuring cylinders, and dietary energy and macronutrient intake were estimated for each patient by consulting three-day dietary records.
Results
The mean age of the 203 subjects (male: 76, female: 127) was 53.9 ± 9.1 years and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2. Among the subjects who ate three times per day, 96.4% consumed rice more than twice out of three meals. The median volume of rice bowls used by patients was 350 cc, of soup bowls was 530 cc and of side dish bowls was 260 cc. Portion size, as estimated by rice bowl volume, was not associated with BMI. Male subjects tended to eat out of larger rice and soup bowls (P < 0.001). Portion size was correlated with energy intake from rice (P = 0.021), but not with total energy intake (kcal/kg/day), especially in male subjects.
Conclusion
Portion size of rice bowl was correlated with energy intake from rice, but not with total energy intake in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. To design effective meal planning methods for patients with type 2 diabetes, further prospective studies are warranted to investigate causative relationships between portion size andmetabolic conditions as well as variation by gender.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Patterns of meal consumption according to the place and the types of meal. A. Differences by meal place (home vs. outside). B. Differences by types of meal (rice vs. others). C. Differences by meal place (home vs. outside) in occasion of rice meal.
Fig. 2
The partial correlation of volume of rice bowl with dietary energy intake (A) and energy intake by rice (B) among male and female subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 187). Among male patients, the volume of rice bowl was correlated with energy intake by rice after adjustment for patient's age (P = 0.021). EI, Energy intake.
Table 1
Baseline clinical and metabolic characteristics of study subjects
The values were mean ± standard deviation or frequency (%). Statistical significance was tested by independent t-test or chi-square test. *Mean or frequency (%) difference between male and female. BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; PBG, postprandial 2-hour blood glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol, TG, triglyceride.
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