Abstract
Although diabetes mellitus (DM) is treatable, it is still not curable. Its chronicity is associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially depression in type 2 DM and learned helplessness in type 1 DM. In turn, this depression and helplessness may affect a patient's adherence to medical appointments, compliance to treatment, and effective doctor-patient relationships, which are vital to promising outcomes. This study reviews the existing literature regarding the interactional relationships between depression, DM and the doctor/patient relationship, and also suggests certain aspects of the doctor/patient relationship which can contribute to more successful treatment outcomes.
References
1. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The Prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001. 24:1069–1078.
2. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE. Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 1988. 11:605–612.
3. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 1997. 59:241–250.
4. Caruso LB, Silliman RA, Demissie s, Greenfield S, Wagner EH. What can we do to improve physical function in older persons with type 2 diabetes? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000. 55:372–377.
5. Kovacs M, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, Drash A. Major depressive disorder in youth with IDDM. Diabete Care. 1997. 20:45–50.
6. Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gllo J, Pratt L, Ford DE. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care. 1996. 19:1097–1102.
7. Greydanus DE, Hofmann AD. Psychological factors in diabetes mellitus. A review of the literature with emphasis on adolescence. Am J Dis Child. 1979. 133:1061–1066.
8. Helz JW, Templeton B. Evidence of the role of psychosocial factor in diabetes mellitus: A review. Am J Psychiatry. 1990. 147:1275–1282.
9. Bennett JS. Psychological aspects of childhood diabetes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1998. 29:729–738.
10. Beardsley G, Goldstein MG. Psychological factors affecting physical condition. Endocrine disease literature review. Psychosomatics. 1993. 34:12–19.
11. Lernmark B, Dahlqvist G, Fransson P, Hagglof B, Ivarsson SA, Ludvigsson J, Sjobland S, Thernlund G. Relations between age, metabolic control, disease adjustment and psychological aspects in insulindependant diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatrica. 1996. 85:818–824.
12. Rothbaum PA, Salas M, Heiss W. Health assessments of youngsters with insulin-dependent diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992. 17:215–229.
13. Worrall-Davies A, Holland P, Berg I, Goodyer I. The effect of adverse life events on glycaemic control in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999. 8:11–16.
14. Cameron OG, Kronfol Z, Greden JF, Garroll BJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984. 41:1090–1095.
15. Bellush LL, Reid SG, North D. The functional significance of biochemical alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Physiol Behav. 1991. 50:973–981.
16. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RG, Gampbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. 'Vascular depression' hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997. 54:915–922.
17. Felton BJ, Revenson TA, Hinrichen GA. Stress and coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment among chronically ill adult. Soc Sci Med. 1984. 18:889–898.
18. Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Willett JB, Wolfsdorf JI, Dvorak R, Herman L, de Groot M. Psychological adjustment to IDDM: 10-year follow-up of an onset cohort of child and adolescent patients. Diabetes Care. 1997. 20:811–818.
19. Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH, Thurber FW. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 1995. 18:1330–1336.
20. Blanz BJ, Rensch-Riemann BS, Frits-Sigmund DI, Schmidt MH. IDDM is a risk factor for adolescent psychiatric disorders. Diabetes Care. 1993. 16:1579–1587.
21. Kovacs M, Mukerji P, Iyengar S, Drash A. Psychiatric disorder and metabolic control among youths with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1996. 19:318–323.
22. Kovacs M, Ho V, Pollock MH. Criterion and predictive validity of the diagnosis of adjustment disorder: A prospective study of youths with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry. 1995. 152:523–538.
23. Maronian S, Vila G, Robert JJ, Mouren-Simeoni MC. DSM-IV disorders, metabolic control and somatic complications in insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus of child and adolescent. Ann Medico-Psychol. 1999. 157:320–331.
24. Bennett DS. Depression among children with chronic medical problems: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 1994. 19:149–169.
25. George A, Rubin G. Non-attendance in general practice: a systematic review and its implications for access to primary health care. Fam Pract. 2003. 20:178–184.
26. Hamilton W, Round A, Sharp D. Patient, hospital, and general practitioner characteristics associated with non-attendance: a cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2002. 52:317–319.
27. Husain-Gambles M, Neal RD, Dempsey O, Lawlor DA, Hodgson J. Missed appointments in primary care: questionnaire and focus group study of health professionals. Br J Gen Pract. 2004. 54:108–113.
28. Pesata V, Pallija G, Webb AA. A descriptive study of missed appointments: families' perceptions of barriers to care. J Pediatr Health Care. 1999. 13:178–182.
29. Macharia WM, Leon G, Rowe BH, Stephenson BJ, Haynes RB. An overview of interventions to improve compliance with appointment keeping for medical services. JAMA. 1992. 267:1813–1817.
30. Hixon AL, Chapman RW, Nuovo J. Failure to keep clinic appointments: implications for residency education and productivity. Fam Med. 1999. 31:627–630.
31. Jacobson AM, Adler AG, Derby L, Anderson BJ, Wolfsdorf JI. Clinic attendance and glycemic control. Study of contrasting groups of patients with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1991. 14:599–601.
32. Karter AJ, Parker MM, Moffet HH, Ahmed AT, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Selby JV. Missed appointments and poor glycemic control: an opportunity to identify high-risk diabetic patients. Med Care. 2004. 42:110–115.
33. Hammersley MS, Holland MR, Walford S, Thorn PA. What happens to defaulters from a diabetic clinic? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985. 291:1330–1332.
34. Williams JW Jr, Katon W, Lin EH, Nöel PH, Worchel J, Cornell J, Harpole L, Fultz BA, Hunkeler E, Mika VS, Unützer J. IMPACT Investigators: The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients. Ann Intern Med. 2004. 140:1015–1024.
35. Mittman BS. Creating the evidence base for quality improvement collaboratives. Ann Intern Med. 2004. 140:897–901.
36. Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Katon W, Simon G, Ludman E, Von Korff M, Young B, Lin E. Where is the patient? The association of psychosocial factors and missed primary care appointments in patients with diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006. 28:9–17.
37. Katon WJ, Von Korff M, Lin EH, Simon G, Ludman E, Russo J, Ciechanowski P, Walker E, Bush T. The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004. 61:1042–1049.
38. Ciechanowski PS, Russo JE, Katon WJ, Korff MV, Simon GE, Lin EH, Ludman EJ, Young BA. The association of patient relationship style and outcomes in collaborative care treatment for depression in patients with diabetes. Med Care. 2006. 44:283–291.
39. Scharfe J, Bartholomew K. Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Pers Rel. 1994. 1:23–43.
40. Griffin D, Bartholomew K. Bartholomew K, Perlman D, editors. The metaphysics of measurement: the case of adult attachment. Advances in Personal Relationships. 1994. Vol. 5: Attachment Processes in Adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley.
41. Greenfield S, Kaplan SH, Ware JE Jr, Yano EM, Frank HJ. Patients' participation in medical care: effects on blood sugar control and quality of life in diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 1988. 3:448–457.