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Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death in type 2 diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients according to plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and to document the effect of diet on HDL-cholesterol.
Methods
The subjects were 252 (male: 134, female: 118) Korean type 2 DM patients recruited from a general hospital's DM clinic and divided into low HDL-cholesterol group (male < 40 mg/dL, female < 50 mg/dL) and control group (male ≥ 40 mg/dL, female ≥ 50 mg/dL). Anthropometric and hematological variables and dietary intake were assessed by the groups.
Results
The subject's mean age was 60.2 ± 1.1 years and duration of diabetes was 9.5 ± 1.0 years. Anthropometric measurements (body fat mass, % body fat, WHR, fat free mass, and muscle mass) and BMI were not significantly different between two groups. The male subjects with low HDL-cholesterolemia showed higher Atherogenic Index (AI, P < 0.001) and higher % carbohydrate from energy than control group (P < 0.01). The female subjects with low HDL-cholesterolemia showed higher AI (P < 0.001) and a tendency of higher triglyceride level and lower intake of energy, protein, lipid, vitamin B1 and vitamin E (P < 0.05) than control group.
Conclusion
The subject with low HDL-cholesterolemia showed significantly higher AI. Male subject with low HDL-cholesterolemia consumed higher carbohydrate and female subject with low HDL-cholesterolemia showed lower intakes of many nutrients. This result suggests the importance of an adequate and balanced diet to manage type 2 DM patients to prevent CVD complications.
Figures and Tables
Table 1
General characteristics, anthropometric variables and hematological parameters of the subjects
Data are mean ± standard error. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; AI, atherogenic index, SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure. Low-HDL group, male < 40 mg/dL, female < 50 mg/dL, control group: male ≥ 40 mg/dL, female ≥ 50 mg/dL. *, †, ‡Significantly different by Student' t-test; P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively. §Significant at P < 0.05 by Chi-square-test.
Table 3
Intakes of energy and selected nutrients of the study subjects
Data are mean ± standard error. Statistical significance was tested after adjustment for kcal for females. TFA, total fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. *, †Significantly different by Student' t-test; P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively.
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