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Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide. Patients with this disease have a bad prognosis. The main risk factor of lung cancer is smoking. It can be divided into two major types, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)1.
The prevalence of SCLC increases with age. At diagnosis, patients with SCLC can be subdivided into those with limited disease (LD) and extensive disease (ED). Multimorbid conditions have been associated with a slightly increased hazard of death in patients with LD-SCLC, independent of treatment2. By contrast, the prognosis in patients with ED-SCLC is associated with treatment, not with age2.
This study was designed to determine the prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with SCLC, who were diagnosed with this disease at Asan Medical Center from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2012.
Materials and Methods
1. Patient selection
This study included 333 patients who were newly diagnosed with SCLC at tertiary hospital from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2012.
2. Study design
Patient records were compiled and analyzed retrospectively using the ABLE34 (Asan Biomedical Research Environment) system. Factors analyzed included type of lung cancer, weight, height, body mass index, smoking history (pack-years [PY]), comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, heart failure, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, and pulmonary tuberculosis), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, stage at diagnosis, first chemotherapy regimen (etoposide-cisplatin [EP] and etoposide-carboplatin [EC]), the sum of cycles, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and cause of death.
Patients were divided into two groups by age (≤65 years vs. >65 years) and extent of disease (LD vs. ED).
Eligible SCLC patients were ambulatory. They were newly diagnosed of SCLC at tertiary hospital during this period. Patients had never been treated SCLC before. They had 0–2 in ECOG performance status. Patients aged ≤18 years were excluded. Primary end points is overall survival (OS). Secondary end points is progression-free survival (PFS).
3. Statistical analysis
Clinical factors in patients aged ≤65 years vs. >65 years and those with LD and ED were compared by Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. OS and PFS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, with results compared by log-rank tests. Risk factors for survival were determined by multivariable analysis using Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and R ver. 3.2.0 (Microsoft (R), Seattle, WA, USA). All p-values were two-sided statistical (α=0.05), with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
The baseline characteristics of the 333 included patients are shown in Table 1. By age, 165 of these patients were ≤65 years old and 168 were >65 years old. Of the 333 patients with SCLC, 198 had LD, including 95 aged ≤65 and 103 aged >65 years, whereas 135 patients had ED, including 70 aged ≤65 and 65 aged >65 years. A comparison of the two age groups showed that younger patients were significantly more likely to receive EP than EC as first-line chemotherapy and were significantly more likely to undergo prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). The results showed that first-line chemotherapy with EP more frequent than with EC, ≥4 which is the sum of cycles and PCI performed more frequently in aged ≤65 than aged >65 years in LD-SCLC and ED-SCLC (Tables 2, 3). We divided the cause of death as disease progression and others. The death by disease progression was 137 (80.1%) and others was 34 (19.9%) (Table 1). And each percent of disease progression and others was not different in LD patients (Table 2). But death by disease progression were much more than others regardless of age in ED patients (Table 3). A comparison of survival outcomes (Figure 1A) showed that OS was significantly greater in younger than in older patients with LD-SCLC but did not differ in younger and older patients with ED (Figure 1B). PFS (Figure 2A, B) analysis showed that PFS was similar in younger and older patients with LD and ED.
Univariate analysis showed that older age, increased number of smoking (PY), fewer the sum of cycles (EC/EP) and absence of PCI were associated with significantly shorter OS. Multivariate analysis showed that older age and fewer than four of cycles were statistically independent predictors of shorter OS, significantly (Table 4). Univariate analysis showed that fewer the sum of cycles (EC/EP) and absence of CCRT were associated with significantly shorter PFS. Multivariate analysis showed that fewer the sum of cycles (EC/EP), absence of CCRT and absence of PCI were statistically independent predictors of shorter PFS, significantly (Table 5).
Discussion
This study found that patients with LD-SCLC had a better prognosis when aged ≤65 than >65 years. However, another studies567 found that age was not significantly prognostic of survival in patients with LD-SCLC. This discrepancy may have been due to differences in patient populations, including ethnicity and comorbidity. By contrast, age was not associated with prognosis in patients with ED-SCLC.
Older patients are associated with decreased performance status and increased comorbidity. Therefore, survival rates were lower with advancing age in LD-SCLC8. Also, other study2 announced that treatment led to a slightly increase of risk of death in patients with comorbidities in LD-SCLC. In ED-SCLC patients, OS was not different between two age groups. At diagnosis, the extension of disease were much larger regardless of age. Therefore, the prognosis have no difference by age in ED-SCLC patients.
Moreover, thoracic radiotherapy, CCRT, and platinum-based chemotherapy have been found to significantly improve survival9. Our results showed that younger age, PCI and increased the sum of cycles were associated with better prognosis, whereas CCRT and the first chemotherapy regimen were not. Although patients aged ≤65 years were treated more aggressively and had better prognosis than patients >65 years10, chemotherapy should not be withheld from older patients based solely on age. The survival of patients who receive chemotherapy is significantly longer than that of untreated patients, despite requiring frequent dose reductions for toxicity. Survival benefits are due to the effects of treatment and not to a selection bias in patients chosen for therapy11.
This study had several limitations. It is a retrospective design and the performance at a single center. And we had better study about treatment plan considering biological age, performance status and patient's attitude.
This study showed that OS was significantly improved in younger than in older patients with LD-SCLC. But, age was not associated with prognosis in patients with ED-SCLC. Clinician will make a decision about treatment considering biological age. It is multiple concept including comorbidity index and tolerability for treatment.
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