Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Medical Students in South Korea

Da Ho Jung; Kyung-Wook Jo; Tae Sun Shim

doi:10.4046/trd.2012.73.4.219

Abstract

Background

We investigated the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among medical students in South Korea.

Methods

Students from one medical school, who were in second- or third-year classes before clerkship course, were enrolled for three consecutive years in the study. A standard questionnaire was given to each participant, and tuberculin skin test (TST), QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay, and chest radiography were performed.

Results

A total of 153 participants were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 21.9±0.9 years, 105 (68.6%) were male, and 132 (86.3%) had been vaccinated with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Four students (2.6%) had a history of contact with tuberculosis (TB) patients during medical practice. No abnormal chest radiograph findings were found for any of the subjects. Of the 153 subjects, 23 (15.0%) tested positive for the TST, and 8 (5.2%) tested positive for the QFT-GIT. The agreement between the two tests was determined to be 0.34 using kappa coefficients. Of the four students who had a history of contact with TB patients, only one subject tested positive for both tests, and the other three students tested negative for both tests.

Conclusion

A low prevalence of LTBI was found among medical students before clerkship course in South Korea.

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a serious health threat in South Korea, an intermediated TB-burden country. In 2011, 39,557 cases (80.7 cases per 100,000 populations) were officially reported by the Korean Tuberculosis Surveillance system1, which is the highest incidence among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.

In order to reduce TB burden in South Korea, various measures such as private-public-mix cooperation for TB care and control have been introduced recently2. One of the cornerstones of such measures involves targeted screening of subjects who are at high risk of developing TB, followed by treatment of the latent TB infection (LTBI). In addition to the tuberculin skin test (TST), which has been used for more than 100 years for the diagnosis of LTBI, whole blood interferon-gamma releasing assays (IGRAs) based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens have been introduced recently to diagnose the LTBI3,4.

Contemporary TST and IGRA survey are valuable for epidemiological and clinical assessment as well as in the planning of preventive measure. However, the LTBI prevalence of the general population assessed by the TST and IGRA are not well-known in South Korea, especially in healthy young adults whose age is in twenties. Especially, the prevalence of LTBI has never been reported in medical students only in South Korea. Therefore, we investigated the LTBI prevalence among medical students in a medical school in South Korea.

Materials and Methods

1. Subjects

A study to assess the positive rates of the TST and IGRA among medical students was conducted in a medical school, located in Seoul, from March 2010 to March 2012. Students only in second- or third-year class before clerkship course were enrolled. Because this LTBI test was a part of routine health examination in this medical school, written informed consent was waived. A standardized questionnaire included age, gender, past history of any underlying disease including TB, history of contact to patient with TB, and history of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination.

After the completed questionnaire had been obtained, TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT; Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, VIC, Australia) assay were performed at the same time and chest radiograph was taken. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the institution.

2. Tuberculin skin test

Each TST was performed by intradermal injection of 2 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative (PPD) RT23 (Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark) into the forearm using the Mantoux technique5. Reactions were evaluated 48 to 72 hours after injection, with a positive result defined as an induration of ≥10 mm in the transverse diameter by well-trained personnel.

3. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT)

The QFT-GIT assay was performed in 2 stages, according to the manufacturer's instructions. One-milliliter aliquots of blood were drawn directly into three evacuated blood collection tubes, one containing heparin alone (negative control), one containing T cell mitogen (positive control), and one containing M. tuberculosis-specific antigens, including early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6), culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10), and TB7.7 (TB-antigen tube). Following overnight incubation, 200 µL of plasma was removed from each well and the concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with a positive response defined as an antigen-nil IFN-γ concentration ≥0.35 IU/mL6.

4. Statistical analysis

Concordance between results of the TST and QFT-GIT were assessed using kappa (κ) coefficients, with κ>0.75 defined as excellent agreement, κ<0.4 as poor agreement, and κ between 0.4 and 0.75 as fair to good agreement7. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

1. Characteristics of subjects

The study participants consisted of 153 medical students. The mean age of students was 21.9±0.9 years, 105 (68.6%) were male and 132 (86.3%) had been vaccinated with BCG. One student had a history of pulmonary TB. Four students (2.6%) had a history of contact to patient with TB during medical practice while they did preventive measure including wearing N95 respirator. No abnormal chest radiograph findings were found in all subjects (Table 1).

2. TST and QFT-GIT results

Of the 153 subjects, 23 (15.0%) were positive and 130 (85.0%) were negative on TST. In addition, 8 (5.2%) were positive and 145 (94.8%) were negative on QFT-GIT. A total of 6 (3.9%) subjects were positive on both tests (Table 2). The agreement between TST and QFT-GIT assay was κ=0.34. The median value of the QTF-GIT of subjects who had positive QTF-GIT responses was 0.97 IU/mL (range, 0.35~7.83 IU/mL) (Figure 1). Of four students who had a history of contact to patients with TB, only one subject showed positive results of both tests and the other students had negative results of both tests.

We analyzed whether the variables including sex, previous TB history, BCG vaccination and history of contact with TB patients with affect the results of both tests, but no variables were found to influence significantly.

3. Incidence of tuberculosis during study period

After a mean follow-up of 17.5 months, none of the medical students have developed active TB.

Discussion

In present study, LTBI prevalence of medical students in South Korea was investigated using both the TST and the QFT-GIT test. We demonstrated that LTBI prevalence was 15.0% using the TST and 5.2% using the QFT-GIT among medical students with high rates of BCG vaccination, showing poor agreement between the two tests.

There have been some studies assessing the LTBI prevalence of young general population in South Korea. Kang et al.8 investigated the LTBI prevalence in 99 healthy medical students whose median age was 25 years without an identified risk for TB exposure as a control group for their study and reported that 51% had positive test results for TST and 4% for QFT-GIT. Similarly, Lee et al.9 reported that the TST and QFT-GIT results were positive for 51.5% and 14.3%, respectively, among 196 newly employed nurses with a mean age of 23.4 years old. Considering the mean ages of participants in these studies, the participants may already be involved in the clerkship course, thus may have many chances to meet the patients with TB. In contrast with these studies, participants in our study did not take clerkship course yet, thus resulting in the low prevalence of LTBI. However, the LTBI prevalence detected by TST seems to be lower in our participants (15.0%) than in those of another study in which 28% individuals had positive TST results among 778 military personnel with a mean age 20.0 years who had low risk of TB infection10. Socioeconomic factors might have affected on the difference of the LTBI prevalence for each study.

We found that the TST and QFT-GIT showed poor agreement among medical students. The level of agreement between the TST and the QFT-GIT has been reported to generally coincide with the TB prevalence in each country. For example, an excellent agreement between the two tests was observed in Denmark, a low-endemic country, where majority of the people were not BCG vaccinated11. In contrast to this, many studies have reported that there was a huge discrepancy between the two tests in South Korea, an intermediated TB-burden country and where BCG vaccination is mandatory8,12,13.

It is known that previous BCG vaccination significantly affect the accord of the two tests14,15 because the PPD antigen used in the TST leads to false-positive results in individuals vaccinated with BCG. Considering that the finding of one study which revealed BCG vaccination causes positive TST results for 15 years after vaccination16 and age of participants in our study, it is reasonable to assume that main reason of poor agreement between the two tests were likely due to the confounding effects of previous BCG vaccination.

The discrepancy we observed could be due to the inaccuracy of the QFT-GIT as well. The ESAT-6, CFP-10, and TB7.7 peptides, which are used in the QFT-GIT assay, do not represent the entire spectrum of antigenicity of M. tuberculosis17,18. Therefore true LTBI prevalence may be underestimated with IGRA alone19. Moreover, short-term within-subject variability has been reported for the IGRA, with variations around the cut-off point for the QFT-GIT (0.2~0.7 IU/mL) being a "borderline zone," such that results in this zone should be interpreted with caution20. However, only one had the QFT-GIT value of this range (0.25 IU/mL) among our study population.

Although we investigated LTBI prevalence of distinctive group, the general feature does not seem to be different from other healthy young adults group, because our study population was low-grade medical students who had little chance to contact patients with TB. It would be interesting to investigate LTBI prevalence of the same subject again in several years later after clerkship course.

In conclusion, we found that the prevalence of LTBI among low-grade medical students in a medical college was 15.0% using the TST and 5.2% using the QFT-GIT in South Korea. There was poor level of agreement between the two tests.

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