Proportional Venn diagram presenting the different phenotypes within the Wellington Respiratory Survey study population. The large black rectangle represents the full study group. The clear circles within each coloured area represent the proportion of subjects with COPD (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) <0.7). The isolated clear circle represents subjects with COPD who did not have an additional defined phenotype of asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Schematic showing working model for DJ-1-mediated regulation of the NRF2 pathway. ARE: antioxidant response element; ROS: reactive oxygen species.

Fitted adjusted mortality curve evaluating the relationship between the fibronectin (F) to C-reactive protein (CRP) ratio and the hazard function for all-cause mortality. The hazard function was generated using a Cox proportional hazards model in which the relationship between the F/CRP ratio (as a continuous variable) and all-cause mortality was evaluated, adjusted for various covariates. The fitted curve is presented, with both log and natural values of F/CRP. The arrow indicates a potential threshold at a natural F/CRP value of ??50, beyond which point the hazard function does not change significantly. Hazard ratios can be calculated from this graph by determining the hazard function at a particular value of F/CRP (e.g., 2.7:_) and dividing it by the hazard function of the reference F/CRP value (e.g., 148: - - - -). In this example, the hazard ratio would be 3.