Journal List > Tuberc Respir Dis > v.62(5) > 1001086

Jeong, Choi, Jung, Byun, Park, Kim, Kim, Chang, Yoshii, and Kim: Evaluation of Social Nicotine Dependence Using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND-K) Questionnaire in Korea

Abstract

Background

Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire, which consists of 10 questions with a total score of 30 in Japan. We examined the social nicotine dependence among healthy adults using the new KTSND questionnaire and evaluated validity of the KTSND questionnaire in Korea.

Method

We applied Korean KTSND questionnaire version 2 to employees of hospital, university students and people for medical examination and promotion test. Complete data obtained from the 741 responders were analyzed.

Result

The mean age of responders was 31.8 years. Among them, males were 57.8%. Current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers were 13.8%, 12.8%, and 73.4% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of ex-smokers, and of non-smokers (17.1±5.4 versus 14.3±5.5, and 12.3±5.5, p≤0.001). The total KTSND scores of males were higher than those of females, suggesting that males have a propensity for depending nicotine socially much more than females (14.3±5.7 and 11.7±5.4 respectively, p<0.001). Eight of ten questions produced significantly different scores among three different smoking groups. When current smokers were sub-classified by heavy smoking index (HSI) that represented physical nicotine dependence, we did not find a significant difference of KTSND score between low HSI group (<4) and high HSI group (≥4), This finding suggested that the psychosocial dependence might play a different role from physical nicotine dependence in smoking. Most of the non-smokers (62.5%) had an experience of harmful passive smoking especially in public place.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that the KTSND questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smoking.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1
The total KTSND scores among male and female. Data is presented as the mean±SD. Scales represent the total scores of the KTSND in all responders. Data is presented as the mean±SD (*p<0.001).
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Figure 2
The total KTSND scores among smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers. Scales represent the total scores of the KTSND. Data is presented as the mean±SD (*p<0.001, **p=0.001).
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Figure 3
The total KTSND scores in smokers sub-classified by cigarettes smoked per day. Scales represent the total scores of the KTSND. Data is presented as the mean±SD. There is no significant difference among the four groups (p=0.901).
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Figure 4
The total KTSND scores in smokers sub-classified by the time until the first cigarette of the day. Scales represent the total scores of the KTSND. Data is presented as the mean±SD. There is no significant difference among the four groups (p=0.915).
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Figure 5
The total KTSND scores in smokers sub-classified by heavy smoking index with cut-off value 4. There is no significant difference between two groups (p=0.509).
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Table 1
The Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence 2.0 Korean Version (KTSND-K)
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DN: Definitely NO; PN: Probably NO; PY: Probably Yes; DY: Definitely Yes.

( )=each score.

Table 2
Characteristics of all subjects
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Table 3
Characteristics of current smokers
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*Heavy smoking index, Among 102 current smokers, one did not respond to this question, Among 102 current smokers, two did not respond to this question.

Table 4
Smoking status according to groups
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*p<0.001, vs. employees of hospital, medical students, and university students, p<0.001, vs. medical students, university tudents, and medical examinees.

Table 5
KTSND scores according to gender
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Table 6
Scores of each question according to smoking status
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