References
1. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2002. National Institutes of Health.
2. Hong CS, Kim KY. Pathogenesis and epidemiology. Asthma and Allergic diseases. The Korean academy of asthma, allergy and clinical immunology. 2002. Korea: Gunja;237–256.
3. Korean guideline for the management of asthma. 2005. The Korean academy of asthma, allergy and clinical immunology.
4. Bateman ED, Boushy HA, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Clark TJ, Pauwels RA, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004. 170:836–844.
5. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Postma DS, Tatterfield AE, O'Byrne P, Barnes PJ, et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997. 337:1405–1411.
6. O'Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Rosin R, Runnerstrom E, Sandstrom T, Svensson K, et al. Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001. 164:1392–1397.
7. Zetterstrom O, Buhl R, Mellem H, Perpina M, Hedman J, O'Neill S, et al. Improved asthma comtrol with budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler, compared with budesonide alone. Eur Respir J. 2001. 18:262–268.
8. O'Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, Pistolesi M, Palmqvist M, Zhu Y, et al. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005. 171:129–136.
9. Vogelmeier C, D'Urzo A, Pauwels R, Merino JM, Jaspal M, Butet S, et al. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option? Eur Respir J. 2005. 26:819–828.
10. Fitzgerald JM, Boulet LP, Follows RM. The CONCEPT trial: a 1-year, multicenter, randomized, double-blined, double-dummy comparison of a stable dosing regimen of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate with an adjustable maintenance dosing regimen of formoterol/budesonide in adults with persistent asthma. Clin Ther. 2005. 27:393–406.
11. Park CS. Perspective and potential treatment of asthma. In update in chronic airway diseases and clinical lung diseases. 2005. Respiratory research center. Catholic university of Korea;25–38.
12. Wollin L, Marx D, Wohlsen A, Beume R. Roflumilast inhibition of pulmonary leukotriene production and brouchoconstriction in ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged Guinea pigs. J Asthma. 2005. 42:873–878.
13. Bousquet J, Aubier M, Sastre J, Izquierdo JL, Adler LM, Hofbauer P, et al. Comparison of roflumilast, an oral anti-inflammatory, with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of persistent asthma. Allergy. 2006. 61:72–78.
14. Birrell MA, Crispino N, Hele DJ, Patel HJ, Yacoub MH, Barnes PJ, et al. Effect of dopamine receptor agonists on sensory nerve activity: possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Br J Pharmacol. 2002. 136:620–628.
15. Fluge T, Forssmann WG, Kunkel G, Schneider B, Mentz P, Forssmann K, et al. Bronchodilation using combined urodilatin-albuterol adminstration in asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Med Res. 1999. 4:411–415.
16. Szefler S, Rohatagi S, Williams J, Lloyd M, Kundu S, Banerji D. Ciclesonide, a novel inhaled steroid, does not affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma. Chest. 2005. 128:1104–1114.
17. Szelenyi I, Hermann R, Petzold U, Pahl A, Hochhaus G. Possibilities in improvement of glucocorticoid treatments in asthma with special reference to loteprednol etabonate. Pharmazie. 2004. 59:409–411.
18. Akbary AM, Wirth KJ, Scholkens BA. Efficacy and tolerability of Icatibant (Hoe 140) in patients with moderately severe chronic bronchial asthma. Immunopharmacology. 1996. 33:238–242.
19. Krishna MT, Chauhan A, Little L, Sampson K, Hawksworth R, Mant T, et al. Inhibition of mast cell tryptase by inhaled APC 366 attenuates allergen-induced late-phase airway obstruction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001. 107:1039–1045.
20. Bruce C, Thomas PS. The effect of marimastat, a metalloprotease inhibitor, on allergen-induced asthmatic hyper-reacitivity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005. 205:126–132.
21. Lee SY. Allergen immunotherapy. Conventional immunotherapy and perspectives in new immunomodulatory treatment. J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005. 25:s419–s423.
22. Akdis CA, Blaser K, Akdis M. Mechanism of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2006. 91:195–203.
23. Norman PS. Immunotherapy: 1999-2004. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. 113:1013–1023.
24. Bloebaum RM, Grant JA, Sur S. Immunomodulation: the future of allergy and asthma treatment. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. 4:63–67.
25. Valenta R, Kraft D. From allergen structure to new forms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002. 14:718–727.
26. Akdis CA, Blaser K. Bypassing IgE and targeting T cells for specific Immunotherapy of allergy. Trends Immunol. 2001. 22:175–178.
27. Linhart B, Valenta R. Molecular design of allergy vaccines. Curr Opin Iimmunol. 2005. 17:646–655.
28. Linhart B, Hartl A, Jahn-Schmid B, Verdini P, Keller W, Krauth MT, et al. A hybrid molecule resembling the epitope spectrum of grass pollen for allergy vaccination. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005. 115:1010–1016.
29. Francis JN, Durham SR. Adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy: exeperimental results and clinical perspectives. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. 4:543–548.
30. Tulie MK, Fiset PO, Christodoulopoulos P, Vailancourt P, Desrosier M, Lavibne F, et al. Amb a 1-immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate immunotherapy decreases the nasal inflammatory response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. 113:235–241.
31. Puggioni F, Durham SR, Frcis JN. monophophoryl lipid A(MPL) promotes allergen-induced immune deviation in favour of Th1 response. Allergy. 2005. 60:678–684.
32. Passalacqua G, Guerra L, Pasquali M, Lombardi C, Canonica GW. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004. 93:3–12.
33. Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. T regulatory cells in allergy. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2006. 91:159–173.
34. Radhakrishnan S, Iijima K, Kobayashi T, Kita H, Pease LR. Dendritic cells activated by cross-linking B7-DC (PD-L2) block inflammatory airway dieases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005. 116:668–674.
35. Mathur M, Herrmann K, Qin Y, Gulmen F, Li X, Krimins R, et al. CD28 interactions with either CD80 or CD86 are sufficient to induce allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999. 21:498–509.
36. Bousquet J, Cabrera P, Berkman N, Buhl R, Holgate S, Wenzel S, et al. The effect of treatment with omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, on asthma exacerbations and emergency medical visits in patients with severe persistent asthma. Allergy. 2005. 60:302–308.
37. Djukanovic R, Wilson SJ, Kraft M, Jarjour NN, Steel M, Chung KF, et al. Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004. 170:583–593.
38. Holgate ST, Chuchalin AG, Herbert J, Lotvall J, Persson GB, Chung KF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) in severe allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004. 34:632–638.
39. Kon OM, Sihra BS, Loh LC, Barkans J, Compton CH, Barnes NC, et al. The effects of an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, keliximab, on peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2001. 18:45–52.
40. Hoshino M, Fujita Y, Saji J, Inoue T, Nakagawa T, Miyazawa T. Effect of suplatast tosilate on goblet cell metaplasia in patients with asthma. Allergy. 2005. 60:1394–1400.
41. Yokomura K, Suda T, Matsuda H, Hashizume H, Asada K, Suzuki K, et al. Suplatast tosilate alters DC1/DC2 balance in peripheral blood in bronchial asthma. J Asthma. 2005. 42:567–570.
42. Choi IS, Koh YI. Effects of BCG revaccination on asthma. Allergy. 2003. 58:1114–1116.
43. Spiegelberg HL, Horner AA, Takabayashi K, Raz E. Allergen-immunostimulatory oligodeoxyuncleotide conjugate: a novel allergoid for immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002. 2:547–551.
44. Kips JC, O'Connor BJ, Langley SJ, Woodcock A, Kerstjens HA, Postma DS, et al. Effects of SCH55700 a humanized anti-human interleukin-5 antibody, in severe persistent asthma a pilot study. Am J Respir Crint Care Med. 2003. 167:1655–1659.
45. Flood-Page P, Menzies-Gow A, Phipps S, Ying S, Wangoo A, Ludwig MS, et al. Anti-IL-5 treatement reduces deposition of ECM proteins in the bronchial subepithelial basement membrance of mild atopic asthmatics. J Clin Invest. 2003. 112:1029–1036.
46. Borish LC, Nelson HS, Lanz MJ, Claussen L, Whitmore JB, Agosti JM, et al. Interleukin-4 receptor in moderate atopic asthma: a phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999. 160:1816–1823.
47. Kon OM, Sihra BS, Loh LC, Barkans J, Compton CH, Barnes NC, et al. The effects of an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, keliximab, on peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2001. 18:45–52.
48. Bryan SA, O'connor BJ, Matti S, Leckie MJ, Kanabar V, Khan J, et al. Effects of recombinant human interleukin-12 on eosinophils, airway hyper responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet. 2000. 356:2149–2153.
49. Erin EM, Williams TJ, Barnes PJ, Hansel TT. Eotaxin receptor (CCR3) antagonism in asthma and allergic disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allersy. 2002. 1:201–214.
50. Dent G, Hadjicharalambous C, Yoshikawa T, Handy RL, Powell J, Anderson IK, et al. Contribution of eotaxin-1 to eosinophil chemotactic activity of moderate and severe asthmatic sputum. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004. 169:1110–1117.
51. Gauvreau GM, Becker AB, Boulet LP, Chakir J, Fick RB, Greene WL, et al. The effects of an anti-CDlla mAB, efalizumab, on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003. 112:331–338.
52. The effects of an anti-CD11amAb, efalizumab, on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003. 112:331–338.
53. Sandberg JA, Parker VP, Blanchard KS, Sweedler D, Powell JA, Kachensky A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of an antiangiogenic ribozyme (ANGIOZ YME) in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000. 40:1462–1469.