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Figures and Tables
Figure 1
A Simplified Scheme of the System of Type 1 helper T (Th1) and Type 2 Helper T (Th2) cells. The differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells depends on interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated precursor CD4 T cells. In a regulatory loop, interferon-γ from Th1 cells inhibits Th2 cells and interleukin-4 from Th2 cells inhibits Th1 cells. An imbalance that favors Th2 cells may be important in asthma. Reproduced from reference 7.
Figure 3
scheme of T-and B-cell interactions involved in IgE synthesis. For explanation, see text. Reproduced from reference 9.
Figure 4
Interactions between CD4 T Cells and B Cells That Are Important in IgE Synthesis. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 provide the first signal to B cells to switch to the production of the IgE isotype. Once formed, IgE antibody circulates in the blood, eventually binding to both high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) and low-affinity IgE receptors (FcRII, or CD23). After subsequent encounters with antigens, binding of the high-affinity IgE receptors produces the release of preformed and newly generated mediators. Once present in various tissues, mediators may produce various physiological effects, depending on the target organ. Reproduced from reference 1.
Figure 5
The Role of Eosinophils in Allergic Inflammation. Interleukin-5 travels to the bone marrow and causes terminal differentiation of eosinophils. Circulating eosinophils enter the area of allergic inflammation and begin migrating to the lung by rolling, through interactions with selectins, and eventually adhering to endothelium through the binding of integrins to members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion proteins: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Reproduced from reference 1.
Figure 6
Interations between resident and inflammatory cells and cytokines in the airways. Reproduced from reference 28.
Figure 7
The receptors Involved in the Interplay of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by toll-like receptors leads to the activation of signaling pathways that induce the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules. Therefore, pattern-recognition receptors have a role in the generation of both the peptide-MHC-molecule complex and the costimulation required for the activation of T cells. Reproduced from reference 58.
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