Abstract
To expand the epidemiological understanding of Newcastle disease in Jeju Province, Korea, active surveillance was extensively performed through a virological examination for poultry farms and wild birds in Jeju Province during 2007~2008. Samples (swabs or fresh feces) were collected from a total of 6,485 birds including 6,405 domestic birds (chickens, ducks, pheasants, geese, quails, turkeys, and ostriches) and 80 wild birds. A total of 24 hemagglutinating agents were isolated from domestic birds on fourteen farms including five Korean native chicken, one layer chicken, two broiler chicken, four duck and two pheasant farms. The hemagglutinating agents were all identified as lentogenic NDV based on the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequence analysis of amino acids on the F cleavage site and mean death time in chicken embryos. The F gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV isolates were classified into genotypes 1 or 2 of class II. These lentogenic viruses were closely related to NDV vaccine strains used in Jeju Province. Active surveillance conducted for Newcastle disease indicates no scientific evidence of virulent NDV infection in chickens in Jeju Province, Korea since 2005.
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Figure 1.
Geographical distribution of poultry farms where NDV was isolated during 2007~2008. ○, NDV positive farms during first NDV surveillance (2007. 11~2008. 1); •, NDV positive farms during second NDV surveillance (2008. 1~2008. 11)
![jbv-39-383f1.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/0079jbv/thumb/jbv-39-383f1.gif)
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic analysis of NDV isolates based on the first 389 nucleotides of the coding region of the F gene. Sequences of reference strains were taken from the GenBank database. The accession numbers of reference strains were included in parenthesis. NDV isolates in bold represent NDV isolated in Jeju Province, Korea during 2007~2008 surveillance.
![jbv-39-383f2.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/0079jbv/thumb/jbv-39-383f2.gif)
Table 1.
Lists of farms and their domestic birds sampled in Jeju Province, Korea during 2007~2008 NDV surveillance
Period sampled | Sample type | Total | Species testeda | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ly | Br | BB | KN | Dk | Pt | Others | |||
1st (‘07.11 ~ ‘08.1) | Swab | 2,506 (63) | 1,520b (36) | 286 (7) | 80 (1) | 400 (14) | 120 (3) | 80 (1) | 20 (1) |
Faeces | 165 (10) | – | – | – | 45 (2) | 40 (2) | 45 (3) | 35 (3) | |
2nd (‘08.8 ~ ‘08.11.) | Swab | 3,054 (68) | 1,798 (31) | 559 (14) | 80 (1) | 597 (21) | 20 (1) | – | – |
Faeces | 700 (19) | – | – | – | 100 (3) | 270 (7) | 240 (5) | 90 (4) | |
Total | 6,405 | 3,318 | 845 | 160 | 1,142 | 450 | 365 | 145 |
Table 2.
History of poultry farms where hemagglutinating agents were isolated in Jeju Province, Korea during 2007~2008 NDV surveillance
Virusa | Periodb | Flock history | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farm (location) | Bird type | Age (days old) | Vaccination | ||
JJ/1A1/07 | 1st | A (Seogwipo) | Korean native | 180 | Yes |
JJ/1A2/07 | 1st | A | Korean native | 210 | Yes |
JJ/2A2/08c | 2nd | A | Korean native | 280 | No |
JJ/B1/07 | 1st | B (Seogwipo) | Pheasant | – | Yes |
JJ/C1/07 | 1st | C (Gujwa) | Duck | 28 | No |
JJ/C2/07 | 1st | C | Duck | 35 | No |
JJ/C3/07 | 1st | C | Duck | 21 | No |
JJ/D1/07 | 1st | D (Jocheon) | Duck | 14 | No |
JJ/D2/07 | 1st | D | Duck | 56 | Yes |
JJ/E/07 | 1st | E (Pyoseon) | Korean native | 730 | Yes |
JJ/F/08 | 2nd | F (Hallim) | Layer | 190 | Yes |
JJ/G2/08 | 2nd | G (Aewol) | Duck | 35 | Yes |
JJ/H3/08 | 2nd | H (Aewol) | Korean native | 168 | Yes |
JJ/I1/08 | 2nd | I (Hangyeong) | Duck | 3 | Yes |
JJ/I2/08 | 2nd | I | Duck | 21 | Yes |
JJ/J2/08 | 2nd | J (Aewol) | Korean native | 105 | Yes |
JJ/K1/08 | 2nd | K (Namwon) | Broiler | 34 | Yes |
JJ/L1/08 | 2nd | L (Pyoseon) | Broiler | 25 | Yes |
JJ/M/08 | 2nd | M (Seonsan) | Korean native | 100 | Yes |
JJ/N1/08 | 2nd | N (Seogipo) | Pheasant | – | Yes |
JJ/N2/08 | 2nd | N | Pheasant | – | Yes |
JJ/N4/08 | 2nd | N | Pheasant | – | Yes |
JJ/N6/08 | 2nd | N | Pheasant | – | Yes |
JJ/N7/08 | 2nd | N | Pheasant | – | Yes |
Table 3.
Genetic and biological characteristics of NDVs isolated in Jeju Province, Korea during 2007~2008 NDV surveillance
NDV isolate (Farm) | NDV RT-PCRa | Genotypingb | F0 motif sequence | Heat treatment | Mean death time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Pathotype | Class | Genotype | Before | After | |||
JJ/1A1/07 (A) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 64c | >120 |
JJ/1A2/07 (A) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 64 | >120 |
JJ/2A2/08 (A) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 128 | >120 |
JJ/B1/07 (B) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | <4 | >120 |
JJ/C1/07 (C) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | 128 | >120 |
JJ/C2/07 (C) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | <4 | >120 |
JJ/C3/07 (C) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | 128 | >120 |
JJ/D1/07 (D) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | 32 | >120 |
JJ/D2/07 (D) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 64 | <4 | >120 |
JJ/E/07 (E) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 128 | 128 | >120 |
JJ/F/08 (F) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 64 | <4 | >120 |
JJ/G2/08 (G) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 256 | >120 |
JJ/H3/08 (H) | Positive | Negative | I | II | GRQGRLIG | 128 | <4 | >120 |
JJ/I1/08 (I) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 1024 | 1024 | >120 |
JJ/I2/08 (I) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | 256 | >120 |
JJ/J2/08 (J) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 256 | >120 |
JJ/K1/08 (K) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 1024 | 32 | >120 |
JJ/L1/08 (L) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 256 | >120 |
JJ/M/08 (M) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 128 | 128 | >120 |
JJ/N1/08 (N) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 512 | >120 |
JJ/N2/08 (N) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 256 | 256 | >120 |
JJ/N4/08 (N) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 4096 | 1024 | >120 |
JJ/N6/08 (N) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 512 | 512 | >120 |
JJ/N7/08 (N) | Positive | Negative | I | I | GKQGRLIG | 2048 | 1024 | >120 |
Table 4.
Amino acid changes in hyper-variable region of fusion protein of NDV isolates