Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity effect of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves aqueous extract (AEAM) towards male ICR mice in terms of body weight, relative organ weight, mortality rate and sperm parameters. In acute toxicity study, a single dose at of 2000 mg/kg was performed. In sub-acute toxicity study, the mice were received normal saline (control group), 50, 100, 150, 200,500, or 1000 mg/kg of AEAM orally for 21 days of treatment. In sub-acute toxicity study, the number of abnormal sperm were significantly decreased in AEAM 100, 150, 200, 500, and 1000 when compared to the control group. While, the motility of sperm were found to be significantly increased in AEAM 100, 150, 200, and 1000 as compared to the control group. No mortality was recorded in the control group and treated groups in both toxicity studies except for one mouse from AEAM 1000 group. However, the mild sedative effect in terms of the tendency to sleep was clearly noticeable in both toxicity studies. Results indicated that the AEAM can be one of the useful alternative medicine to enhance fertility rate by increasing healthy sperm production.
REFERENCES
(1). Redzuan Nul Hakim A. R., Muhammad Lokman M. I., Afzan M. Y., Azantee Yazmie A. W., Hussin M., Roszaman R. J.Biotechnol. Strategic Health Res. 2017; 1:17–23.
(2). Parandin R., Yousofvand N., Ghorbani R.Iran J. Reprod. Med. 2012; 10:355–362.
(3). Agnes V. F., Akbarsha M. A.Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003; 41:119–130.
(4). Chauhan N. S., Dixit V. K.Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod. 2008; 1:26–31.
(5). Ekaluo U. B., Erem F. A., Omeje I. S., Ikpeme E. V., Ibiang Y. B., Ekanem B. E.IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 2013; 3:21–23.
(6). Wahab N. A., Mokhtar N. M., Halim W. N., Das S.Clinics. 2010; 65:93–98.
(7). Mahmoud A. S. F., Noor M. M.AIP Conf. Proc. 2013; 1571:227–233.
(8). Nor-Raidah R., Mahanem M. N.Malays. Appl. Biol. 2015; 44:125–131.
(9). Hakim P., Sani H. A., Noor M. M.Malaysian J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008; 16:10–14.
(10). Giribabu N., Kumar K. E., Rekha S. S., Muniandy S., Salleh N.BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014; 14:291.
(11). Parhizkar S., Yusoff M. J., Dollah M. A.Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2013; 3:345–352.
(12). Idris M. H., Budin S. B., Osman M., Mohamed J.EXCLI J. 2012; 11:659–669.
(13). Fatmawati , Hidayat R.Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2016; 3:46–49.
(14). Bahrani H., Mohamad J., Paydar M. J., Rothan H. A.Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2014; 11:206–214.
(15). Hara H., Ise Y., Morimoto N., Shimazawa M., Ichihashi K., Ohyama M., Iinuma M.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008; 72:335–345.
(16). Kakino M., Tazawa S., Maruyama H., Tsuruma K., Araki Y., Shimazawa M., Hara H.BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2010; 10:68.
(17). Zhou M., Wang H., Suolangjiba Kou J., Yu B. J.Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 117:345–350.
(18). Dash M., Patra J. K., Panda P. P. Afr. J.Biotechnol. 2008; 7:3531–3534.
(19). Begum Y.Pharma Tutor. 2016; 4:47–50.
(20). Pranakhon R., Pannangpetch P., Aromdee C. Songklanakarin. J.Sci. Technol. 2011; 33:405–410.
(21). Ukwuani A. N., Abubakar M. G., Hassan S. W., Agaie B. M.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res. 2012; 4:245–249.
(22). Ali Khairullah Z., Hazilawati H., Hutheyfa S., Mohd Rosly S., Sithambaram S., Hemn Hasan O.Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2015; 8:400–408.
(23). Anisuzzaman A. S. M., Sugimoto N., Sadik G., Gafur M. A. Pak. J.Biol. Sci. 2001; 4:1012–1015.
(24). Kazmi I., Afzal M., Rahman M., Gupta G., Anwar F. Asian Pac. J.Trop. Dis. 2012; 2:S841–S845.
(25). Carro-Juárez M., Franco M. Á., Rodriguez-Peña Mde. L. J.Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014; 19:43–50.
(26). Wil N. N. A. N., Omar N. M., Ibrahim N. A., Tajuddin S. N. J.Chem. Pharm. Res. 2014; 6:688–693.
(27). Ghan S. Y., Chin J. H., Thoo Y. Y., Yim H. S., Ho C. W.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2016; 7:1456–1461.
(28). Veeresh Kumar P., Gupta V. R. M. J.Phytopharmacol. 2017; 6:178–182.
(29). OECD/OCDE, OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals 407. 2008.
(30). Erhirhie E. O., Ekene N. E., Ajaghaku D. L. J.Nat. Sci. Res. 2014; 4:100–106.
(31). Ali R., Ali R., Jaimini A., Nishad D. K., Mittal G., Chaurasia O. P., Kumar R., Bhatnagar A., Singh S. B.Indian J. Pharmacol. 2012; 44:504–508.
(32). Arsad S. S., Esa N. M., Hamzah H., Othman F. J.Med. Plant Res. 2013; 7:3030–3040.
(33). Aniagu S. O., Nwinyi F. C., Akumka D. D., Ajoku G. A., Dzarma S., Izebe K. S., Ditse M., Nwaneri P. E. C., Wambebe C., Gamaniel K. Afr. J.Biotechnol. 2005; 4:72–78.
(34). Ilgın S., Aydoğan-Kılıç G., Baysal M., Kılıç V, Ardıç M., Uçarcan Ş., Atlı Ö.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018; 2018:7196142.
(35). Sönmez M., Türk G., Yüce A.Theriogenology. 2005; 63:2063–2072.
(36). El-Kashoury A. A., Salama A. F., Selim A. I., Mohamed R. A.Life Sci. J. 2010; 7:5–19.
(37). Akunna G. G., Saalu L. C., Ogunlade B., Ojewale A. O., Enye L. A. Am. J.Res. Commun. 2013; 1:123–142.
(38). Sakr S. A., Zowail M. E., Marzouk A. M.Anat. Cell. Biol. 2014; 47:171–179.
(39). Takeda N., Yoshinaga K., Furushima K., Takamune K., Li Z., Abe S. I., Aizawa S., Yamamura K.Sci. Rep. 2016; 6:27409.
(40). Lucio R. A., Tlachi-López J. L., Eguibar J. R., Ågmo A.Physiol. Behav. 2013; 110:73–79.
(41). Neergheen-Bhujun V. S.Biomed. Res. Int. 2013; 2013:804086.
(42). Pingale S. S., Ganpat M. A., Gawali S. Int. Res. J.Pharm. 2011; 2:263–266.
(43). Ellacott K. L., Morton G. J., Woods S. C., Tso P., Schwartz M. W.Cell. Metab. 2010; 12:10–17.
(44). Sattayasai J., Bantadkit J., Aromdee C., Lattmann E., Airarat W. J.Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2012; 3:175–179.
(45). Sanyal S., Maity P., Pradhan A., Bepari M., Dey S. K., Roy T., Choudhury S. T.Toxicol. Forensic Med. 2016; 1:54–64.
(46). Sharif H. B., Mukhtar M. D., Mustapha Y., Baba G., Lawal A. O.Adv. Pharm. 2015; 2015:1–9.
(47). Shahraki M. R., Shahraki S., Arab M. R., Shahrakipour M.Zahedan J. Res. Med. Sci. 2015; 17:42–46.
(48). Chen D., Bi D., Song Y. L., Tu P. F. Chin. J.Nat. Med. 2012; 10:287–291.
(49). Yang L., Qiao L., Xie D., Yuan Y., Chen N., Dai J., Guo S.Phytochemistry. 2012; 76:92–97.
(50). Peng K., Mei W. L., Zhao Y. X., Tan L. H., Wang Q. H., Dai H. F. J.Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2011; 13:951–955.
(51). Chen H. Q., Wei J. H., Yang J. S., Zhang Z., Yang Y., Gao Z. H., Sui C., Gong B.Chem. Biodivers. 2012; 9:236–250.
(52). Khalil A. S., Rahim A. A., Taha K. K., Abdallah K. B.J Appl. Indus. Sci. 2013; 1:78–88.
(53). Sheweita S. A., Tilmisany A. M., Al-Sawaf H.Curr. Drug Metab. 2005; 6:495–501.
(54). Thakur M., Chauhan N. S., Bhargava S., Dixit V. K.Arch. Sex. Behav. 2009; 38:1009–1015.
(55). Cheah Y., Yang W.Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2011; 2:182–197.
(56). Adenubi O. T., Raji Y., Awe E. O., Makinde J. M.Sci. World J. 2010; 5:1–6.
(57). Yousef M. I., Salama A. F.Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009; 47:1168–1175.
(59). Agarwal A., Sekhon L. H.Hum. Fertil. 2010; 13:217–225.
Table 1.
Table 2.
Treatment Groups | Body weight in grams (mean ± SEM) | Mortality rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 14 | ||
Control | 35.58 ± 0.50 | 35.95 ± 1.09 | 34.03 ± 1.45 | 0 |
AEAM 2000 | 40.21 ± 1.39∗ | 38.11 ± 2.05 | 38.79 ± 1.36∗ | 0 |
Table 3.
Table 4.
Treatment Groups | Sperm parameters (mean ± SEM) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sperm abnormality (%) | Sperm count (106/ml) | Sperm motility (%) | |
Control | 43.57 ± 0.73 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 49.02 ± 1.86 |
AEAM 2000 | 44.02 ± 0.59 | 1.15 ± 0.08 | 58.38 ± 1.90∗ |
Table 5.
Treatment Groups | Body weight (g) (mean ± SEM) | Mortality rate (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | ||
Control | 33.74 ± 0.53 | 32.64 ± 0.31 | 32.85 ± 0.37 | 33.47 ± 0.64 | 0 |
AEAM 50 | 34.34 ± 0.21 | 32.37 ± 0.63 | 31.77 ± 0.71 | 32.42 ± 0.78 | 0 |
AEAM 100 | 35.40 ± 0.59 | 34.11 ± 1.09 | 34.16 ± 1.24 | 34.96 ± 0.99 | 0 |
AEAM 150 | 38.18 ± 0.62∗ | 34.18 ± 1.53 | 35.02 ± 1.46 | 35.17 ± 1.65 | 0 |
AEAM 200 | 34.61 ± 0.64 | 33.62 ± 0.60 | 31.67 ± 0.21 | 31.79 ± 0.34 | 0 |
AEAM 500 | 39.28 ± 0.96∗ | 37.40 ± 1.17∗ | 35.45 ± 0.68 | 35.66 ± 0.82 | 0 |
AEAM 1000 | 37.09 ± 0.40∗ | 33.16 ± 1.39 | 33.15 ± 1.13 | 32.71 ± 0.89 | 20 |
Table 6.
Table 7.
Treatment Groups | Sperm parameters (mean ± SEM) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sperm abnormality (%) | Sperm count (106/ml) | Sperm motility (%) | |
Control | 41.91 ± 1.34 | 1.08 ± 0.17 | 49.23±1.41 |
AEAM 50 | 40.33 ± 1.24 | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 50.55 ± 1.67 |
AEAM 100 | 15.70 ± 1.33∗ | 1.36 ± 0.28 | 64.92 ± 1.57∗ |
AEAM 150 | 26.52 ± 0.89∗ | 1.41 ± 0.12 | 63.57 ± 1.10∗ |
AEAM 200 | 27.91 ± 0.90∗ | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 57.69 ± 0.78∗ |
AEAM 500 | 30.97 ± 0.76∗ | 0.86 ± 0.13 | 50.80 ± 0.85 |
AEAM 1000 | 34.66 ± 0.81∗ | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 56.11 ± 1.71∗ |