PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Gastrointestinal (GI) ulcers are defined as a degenerative and necrotic breakdown of gastro-intestinal mucosa [1]. Physicians ascribe the causes of GI ulcers to Helicobacter pylori, alcohol intake, spicy food, drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gastritis, aging, etc. [2-3]. Molecular intermediates such as inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukins), cyclooxygenase, Noxidase and reactive oxygen species are involved in the progressive developments of ulcers [4]. Digestive enzymes (i.e., pepsin, pancreatic juice, hydrochloric acid and bile acids) also play an important role in the aggravation of ulcers [1]. Antibiotic eradication of Helicobacter pylori dramatically reduced the incidence of GI ulcers in young people, but the incidence rate in people over 55 years of age is steadily increasing. Ulcer-related bleeding is another clinical issue in ulcer treatment. Groenen et al. reported that 22.7% of patients (158 cases) showed signs of bleeding in 696 cases of duodenal ulcers; 12.3% of patients showed signs of bleeding in 487 cases of gastric ulcers [5]. The bleeding rate increases dramatically when older patients develop diseases like hypertension, diabetes and arthritis [6].
The acetic acid-induced ulcer (AAU) model, established 40 years ago, has been widely used as a laboratory animal model of chronic gastric ulcer [7]. Although other chemicals such as ethanol, indomethacin, ceramide, and NSAID have been selected for ulcer modeling, AAU is more clinically relevant for screening ulcer drugs and studying healing mechanisms [8]. Several methods of inducing AAU have been reported, such as submucosal injection method, intra-gastric injection method and gastric serosal application method. In the submucosal injection method, a small amount of acetic acid is injected into the submucosal layer of the anterior wall of the glandular stomach after exposing the stomach. In the same way, acetic acid can be injected through the gastric wall into the gastric cavity, and the ulcer size can be controlled through round-forcep clamping. But these methods do not control the rate of ulceration, and gastric wall adhesion commonly occurs in the rat model. To prevent gastric adhesion, acetic acid was applied to the serosal side, but this model is physically different from a real ulcer because erosion occurs in the gastric wall rather than in the mucosal layer. For these reasons, a model involving a larger animal like a rabbit might be more relevant for gastric ulcer.
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is another major cause of gastric ulcers and bleeding [9-11]. EMR is widely performed for removal of early gastric malignancy. Although EMR is a relatively non-invasive endoscopic surgery that allows rapid recovery without long hospitalization, EMR-related bleeding is observed in around 20% of patients and requires close observation after resection [12-13]. Around 4-14% of patients after EMR experience severe bleeding and receive a blood transfusion [4,14]. The degree of bleeding is highly dependent on the malignancy status and the physician's performance [15-16]. Ulcer-coating spray powder for the treatment of EMR-induced ulcers and bleeding is currently in clinical trials and shows beneficial efficacies [17-18]. More appropriate animal models for EMR-related ulcers are required.
Most experiments for laboratory ulcer models use rodents. Mammalian stomachs share histological similarities between species, but they also possess irrefutable differences by species. The basal part of the glandular lamina propria of mice and rats is composed of a varying proportion of parietal and chief cells. Like humans, rabbits have a predominant population of chief cells on the base of the gastric wall [19]. Thus, rabbit shares more structural similarities with human.
The thickness of the rat gastric mucosa is one of the major pathologic factors for gastric ulcer modeling. Rat has 500~600 µm of gastric mucosa, which is unsuitable to obtain a uniform ulcer model in terms of size and depth [20]. Human mucosa has a thickness of around 1 mm. In this respect, larger animals like rabbits and micro-pigs may be more relevant laboratory animals for gastric ulcer models. In this study, we used rabbit as a laboratory animal model for gastric ulcers. The gastric wall was surgically opened and treated with acetic acid. Similarly, mucosal resection was used to generate an EMR-related ulcer model. After surgery, rabbits were allowed to recover. Healing of mucosal defect was observed by histological observation for several days. Our study thus indicates that larger laboratory animals like rabbits are more proper and relevant to obtain a homogeneous model for gastric ulcers and a new ulcer model for EMR.
Materials and Methods
Animals
All animal care and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidance from the Experimental Animal Research Committee of Inha University (INHA 120622-145). A total of 41 female New Zealand rabbits, aged 10-11 weeks and weighing 2.1~2.5 kg, were obtained from Orient Bio Inc. (Sungnam, Korea) and enrolled in this study. All rabbits were singly housed in cages (Daejong Instrument Industry Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Autoclaved chow (Lab diet 5325, Orientbio Inc., Sungnam, Korea) and hyper-chlorinated water were offered ad libitum. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=17) were purchased from Orientbio, Inc. (Sungnam, Korea). The rats were housed in cages with free access to feed (Lab diet 5053, Orientbio, Inc., Sungnam, Korea) and water. Room temperature and relative humidity were maintained between 22.2±1.1℃ and 50%±10%, respectively.
Rabbit acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer modeling (AAU model)
The rabbit chronic gastric ulcer model using acetic acid was set up as follows. Rabbits were deprived of food for 20 hrs before the operation but allowed access to tap water. Anesthesia was induced with an intramuscular injection of Rompun (11.7mg/kg) in combination with Ketamine (4.2 mg/kg). Body temperature was monitored and maintained (37 to 38℃) with a heating pad throughout the experiment. The stomach was exposed by an approximately 7-cm median incision on the middle line of the abdomen. The exposed stomach was cut open in line with the large curvature. The inner cavity of the stomach was opened slightly and washed with isotonic saline. Two ulcers were induced on opposite sides of the gastric cavity. Gastric mucosa in the upper corpus was osculated with bottled 60% acetic acid solution for 15 s and immediately rinsed with isotonic saline. The stomach and then abdomen were closed with sutures. After the closures, rabbits were injected with Cefazol inj. (Eagle Vet Tech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) and UNI Ketopro (UNI Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) and replaced in cages. Animal chow was restrained for another 12 hrs. One, three and seven days after the operation, rabbits were sacrificed, and stomachs were harvested. The recovered stomachs were opened along the greater curvature, washed with isotonic saline and anteriorly spread open on a board.
Rabbit endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)-related ulcer model (MRU model)
A rabbit EMR-related ulcer model was experimentally developed in this study. Gastric mucous layer was exposed by median laparotomy as described in previous experiments. 0.2 mL of isotonic saline was injected into the submucosal layer of the upper corpus. A diameter of 7-10 mm of the swollen mucosal layer was resected with a pair of scissors. Then the resected area was pressed with gauze to stop the bleeding and cleaned with sterile isotonic saline. After an antibiotic injection, the stomach and abdomen were sutured, and rabbits were introduced into individual cages. The stomachs were processed as described above.
Rat acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer modeling
Rats were fasted for 16 hrs with free access to tap water before the operation. Anesthesia was induced in each rat with an intra-muscular injection of Rompun (9.0 mg/kg) in combination with Ketamine (3.0mg/kg). Body temperature was monitored and maintained (37 to 38℃) with a heating pad throughout the experiment. Two methods for generating chronic gastric ulcer were modified to the method described by Okabe et al. [8]. For intra-luminal application, 0.2 mL of 60% acetic acid solution was injected into the fundus, which was clamped with a ring forceps; the acetic acid was then removed after 45 s. Two ulcers were induced on opposite sides of the gastric cavity. For serosal application, a vial containing 75% acetic acid was directly placed on the serosal surface of the rat stomach for 20 s. The stomachs were rinsed with isotonic saline, the abdomens were sutured, and the rats were replaced in their cages. One or five days after the intra-luminal operation or serosal application, respectively, the rats were sacrificed and their stomachs were harvested. The recovered stomachs were opened along the greater curvature, washed with isotonic saline and spread open on a board.
Determination of the induced-ulcer area
Whole gross images were taken with scales, and ulcer area was calculated from the images by using an Image-J program based on the images. Relative ulcer area was calculated as the ratio of the initial ulcer area. In the acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer rabbit model, the initial ulcer size was set as 2.88 cm2 based on the radius of the bottle orifice (ø; 1.5 cm). The inner diameter of the ring forceps was taken as the initial size of the ulcer in the intra-luminal application rat model.
Histologic evaluation
The recovered stomachs were assessed by histologic investigation. Specimens were rinsed with PBS buffer, dissected along the ulcer lesion and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. The fixed tissues were sliced longitudinally at intervals of 5-mm width, dehydrated in a series of graded ethanol and then embedded in paraffin wax. Paraffin blocks were introduced on a microtome and sliced in 4-µm thicknesses; sections were mounted on slide glasses for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Stained sections were observed in bright field under a fluorescence microscope (DM2500, Leica, Germany).
Results
Figure 1 and 2 shows that rabbit ulcer models were established very well by both methods. Representative images of the acetic acid-induced ulcer model (AAU) and the mucosal resection-induced model (MRU) showed very clear ulcer margins with deep defects of the mucous layer. Progressive healing of ulcers with time was defined very well in both models. In the acetic acid-induced ulcer models, the initial ulcer area was 288 mm2. The relative ulcer areas on 1, 3 and 7 days after ulcer treatments decreased to 58.5±3.4% (P<0.001 vs. initial ulcer size), 22.0±2.7 (P<0.001) and 5.1±2.6% (P<0.001), respectively. In mucosal resection models, the initial wound area was 133.3±10.1 mm2 and the relative ulcer areas on 1, 3 and 7 days after ulcer induction were 44.6±3.8% (P<0.001), 9.6±2.2% (P<0.05) and 2.2±1.7% (P<0.05), respectively. Interestingly, EMR-induced ulcers showed more precipitated healing than acetic acid models in terms of ulcer size.
Figure 3 shows rat ulcer models made by serosal application of acetic acid and intra-luminal injection of acetic acid with ring-forceps clamping, respectively. In our experience, intra-luminal injection of acetic acid generally caused total collapse of the gastric wall and adhesion of gastric tissues, and serosal application of acetic acid caused degradation of the muscular layer of the gastric fundus rather than of the mucous layer.
As mentioned before, the development of gastric hemostatic agent inevitably requires an gastric bleeding models. Our rabbit mucosal resection model accompanied mucosal-resection related bleeding and could be applied as appropriate model for hemostasis control (Figure 4).
In Figure 5, both models initially showed extensively damaged mucosa with diffuse and infiltrated hemorrhage. In particular, MRU showed total loss of the mucosa and partial loss of the submucosa layer. On day 3, partial recovery of mucosal structures was observed in both models. MRU showed more precipitated recovery of mucosal structures including muscularis mucosa, submucosa and cardiac glands on day 3 and increased mucosal thickness on day 7. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in AAU with delayed recovery of the mucosa. Mucosal thicknesses of AAU and MRU were 284±16 and 685±45 µm, respectively, on day 3. The normal mucosa has a thickness of 900±14 µm based on our observations.
Discussion
Gastrointestinal ulcers are caused by diverse factors. In this study, we investigated the larger animal models rather than rodent models. Rabbit ulcer models were established via acetic acid treatment and mucosal resection method. Representative images of the acetic acid-induced ulcer model and the mucosal resection-induced model showed very clear ulcer margins with deep defects of the mucous layer. Progressive healing of ulcers with time was defined very well in both models. Generally, rat ulcer models do not give a clear ulcer margin, as shown in Figure 3, and thus eventually require more extensive histological observations. Rat ulcer models were experimentally induced by several previously reported methods in our study. Figure 3 shows rat ulcer models made by serosal application of acetic acid and intra-luminal injection of acetic acid with ring-forceps clamping, respectively. Several other methods for rat gastric ulcer modeling have been developed. However, our data shows that directional contact of acetic acid with the gastric mucosal layer is the more relevant model for gastric ulcers, and this ultimately required stomach open surgery. To this point, rabbit, a larger animal than conventional rodents, is therefore a more relevant and reliable laboratory animal for the gastric ulcer model.
A decrease in ulcer size is the most conclusive data for screening antiulcer drugs. A clear ulcer margin allows easier determination of the ulcer size. Our data shows that the rabbit model is a simple model for the determination of ulcer size.
Endoscopic mucosal resection always leads to troublesome bleeding from the resected lesions [4,14]. Bleeding also accompanied our rabbit mucosal resection model, which could also serve as a bleeding control model for the development of hemostatic agents (Figure 4). Recently, endoscopic hemostatic agents, regarded as an emerging technology in this area, have improved clinical outcomes for several GI bleeding conditions [21-22].
Our gastric ulcer models (AAU and MRU) initially showed extensively damaged mucosa with diffuse and infiltrated hemorrhage (Figure 5). In particular, MRU showed total loss of the mucosa and partial loss of the submucosa layer. On day 3, partial recovery of mucosal structures was observed in both models. Especially, MRU showed more precipitated recovery of mucosa including muscularis mucosa, submucosa and cardiac glands on day 3 and increased mucosal thickness on day 7. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in AAU with delayed recovery of the mucosa. Those results corresponded with gross images (Figure 1 and Figure 2). In this study, histology revealed progressive healing of the gastric ulcer by the mucosal structures.
In this study, we selected rabbit as a laboratory animal model for gastric ulcers. Acetic acid-induced ulcers and mucosal resection-induced ulcers were developed in this study. Based on our observations, rabbits provide more relevant, reliable and simple laboratory ulcer models than small rodent models for estimating the ulcer healing process and screening of antiulcer drugs. Furthermore, rabbit mucosal resection typically reflects EMR-related bleeding and can be used for evaluation of endoscopic hemostatic agents. This model also showed that the healing process was differentiated by the induction model, which may be explored in future studies.
XML Download