Mineral content analysis of root canal dentin using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Selen Küçükkaya Eren; Emel Uzunoğlu; Banu Sezer; Zeliha Yılmaz; İsmail Hakkı Boyacı

doi:10.5395/rde.2018.43.e11

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Eren, Uzunoğlu, Sezer, Yılmaz, and Boyacı: Mineral content analysis of root canal dentin using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Research Article

Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(1):e11.

Published online: 4 February 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e11

Mineral content analysis of root canal dentin using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Selen Küçükkaya Eren^1,^*, Emel Uzunoğlu¹, Banu Sezer², Zeliha Yılmaz¹, İsmail Hakkı Boyacı²

¹Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

²Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

^*Correspondence to Selen Küçükkaya Eren, DDS, PhD Research Assistant, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. E-mail: selenkkkaya@yahoo.com

Received 16 October 2017 Accepted 18 January 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study aimed to introduce the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for evaluation of the mineral content of root canal dentin, and to assess whether a correlation exists between LIBS and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) methods by comparing the effects of irrigation solutions on the mineral content change of root canal dentin.

Materials and Methods

Forty teeth with a single root canal were decoronated and longitudinally sectioned to expose the canals. The root halves were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) according to the solution applied: group NaOCl, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 hour; group EDTA, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 2 minutes; group NaOCl+EDTA, 5.25% NaOCl for 1 hour and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes; a control group. Each root half belonging to the same root was evaluated for mineral content with either LIBS or SEM/EDS methods. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results

In groups NaOCl and NaOCl+EDTA, the calcium (Ca)/phosphorus (P) ratio decreased while the sodium (Na) level increased compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). The magnesium (Mg) level changes were not significant among the groups. A significant positive correlation was found between the results of LIBS and SEM/EDS analyses (r = 0.84, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Treatment with NaOCl for 1 hour altered the mineral content of dentin, while EDTA application for 2 minutes had no effect on the elemental composition. The LIBS method proved to be reliable while providing data for the elemental composition of root canal dentin.

Keywords: Dentin, Endodontics, Microscopy, Spectrum analysis

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Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of experimental setup for the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system. BNC, Bayonet Neill–Concelman; SMA, shape memory alloy.

Figure 2.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra for the groups. Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Mg, magnesium; Na, sodium; NaOCl, sodium hypochlorite; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Figure 3.

The change in the elemental distribution of the experimental groups compared with the control group. (A) Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis, (B) scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis. Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Mg, magnesium; Na, sodium; NaOCl, sodium hypochlorite; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Table 1.

Mineral content values of the groups (atomic concentration, %)

Group	Ca	P	Mg	Na	Ca/P
Control	58.390 ± 1.265	36.491 ± 0.829	2.647 ± 0.346	2.472 ± 0.474	1.603 ± 0.074
NaOCl	55.264 ± 0.578^*	37.647 ± 0.401^*	2.541 ± 0.205	4.549 ± 0.789^*	1.468 ± 0.022^*
EDTA	57.821 ± 1.246	36.427 ± 0.948	2.643 ± 0.357	3.109 ± 0.644	1.593 ± 0.073
NaOCl+EDTA	55.601 ± 1.411^*	36.547 ± 0.533	2.797 ± 0.398	5.053 ± 0.882^*	1.523 ± 0.060^*

The data were shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Mg, magnesium; Na, sodium; group NaOCl, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 hour; group EDTA, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 2 minutes; group NaOCl+EDTA, 5.25% NaOCl for 1 hour and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes.

^* The difference between the experimental group and the control group is significant (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Identified elements in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra of root canal dentin and their observed wavelength

Identified element	Observed wavelength (nm)
Calcium (Ca)	210.3, 211.2, 315.8, 317.9, 370.6, 373.6, 393.3, 396.8, 422.6, 428.3, 430.2, 442.5, 443.5, 445.5, 458.5
Phosphorus (P)	213.5, 214.9, 215.3, 253.5, 255.3
Magnesium (Mg)	277.9, 279.5, 279.7, 280.2, 285.2, 383.2, 383.8
Sodium (Na)	588.9, 589.5

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