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Abstract
This study investigated the recovery and absorption rates of murine norovirus, a surrogate for human norovirus, by using NanoCeram® filters which served as a tool for recovering viruses. In the study, two types of NanoCeram® filters were employed: one was a cartridge type and the other was a disc type (φ 47 mm) whose surface area is 75 times smaller than the cartridge type. The analytical method was the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The study found that the average recovery rates of the cartridge type and the disc type were 30.9% and 29.5% respectively. Since these two rates were very close to each other, the adsorption rate of the cartridge type could be predicted with the disc type. Analyzing recovery and absorption rates of the disc type based on different filtered volumes showed that when the volume increased from 0.5 L to 20 L, the average recovery rate rose from 14.78% to 30.41 %, while the average absorption rate dropped from 56.33% to 10.48%. The increase in turbidity from less than 1 NTU to less than 3 NTU raised the average recovery rate from 47.23% to 82.84%.
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Figure 1.
Comparison of murine norovirus with the recovery rate, the disc-type filter (φ 47 mm) (n: 6, turbidity: 0.7~0.8 NTU, temperature: 21~24°C, initial pH: 6.0~6.1, spiking virus volume: 0.5 ml, velocity: 0.2~0.3 L/min). When the filtered volume increased from 0.5 L to 20, the average recovery rate climbed from 14.78% to 30.41%. Standard deviations are shown as error bars.
Figure 2.
Murine norovirus recovery rates at various levels of turbidity, the disc-type filter (φ 47 mm) (n: 6, temperature: 22°C, water pressure: 0.5 kgf/cm2, pH: 6.9~7.3, spiking virus volume: 0.5 ml, filtered volume: 500 ml). The average recovery rate increased from 47.23% to 82.84% when turbidity rose from less than 1 NTU to less than 3 NTU.
Table 1.
Primer and probe of murine norovirus (MNV-1)
| Virus | Primer and probe | Direction | Sequence (5′→3′) | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNV1 F | + | ACGCCACTCCGCACAAA | 5614-5630 | |
| MNV-1 | MNV1 R | – | GCGGCCAGAGACCACAAA | 5649-5657 |
| MNV1 P | + | VIC-AGCCCGGGTGATGAG-MGB | 5632-5646 |
Table 2.
Comparison of the murine norovirus recovery rates with the cartridge and disc type filters
Table 3.
Murine norovirus adsorption rates at various filtered volumes
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