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Abstract
Background
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a novel, late mediator of inflammation. This study compared the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS and HMGB1. The transcriptional factors that play an important role in mediating the HMGB1-induced stimulation of IL-8 were also evaluated.
Methods
RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with either LPS (100 ng/ml) or HMGB1 (500 ng/ml). The TNF-α, MIP-2 and IL-1β levels in the supernatant were evaluated by ELISA at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24h after stimulation. An acute lung injury was induced by an injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) or HMGB1 (2.5 mg/kg) into the peritoneum of the Balb/c mice. The lung cytokines and MPO activity were measured at 4h (for LPS) or 24h (for HMGB1) after the injection. The transcriptional factor binding sites for NF-IL6, NF-κB and AP-1 in the IL-8 promoter region were artificially mutated. Each mutant was ligated with pIL-6luc and transfected into the RAW264.7 cells. One hour after stimulation with HMGB1 (500 ng/ml), the cell lysate was analyzed for the luciferase activity.
Results
The expression of MIP-2, which peaked at 8h with LPS stimulation, increased sequentially until 24h after HMGB1 stimulation. An intraperitoneal injection of HMGB1, which induced a minimal increased in IL-1β expression, provoked the accumulation of neutrophils the lung. A mutation of AP-1 as well as NF-κB in the IL-8 promoter region resulted in a lower luciferase activity after HMGB1 stimulation.
Figures and Tables
Figure 3
The chronological expression of TNF-α in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cell after stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml)(A) or HMGB1 (500 ng/ml)(B).
Figure 4
The chronological expression of MIP-2 in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cell after stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml)(A) or HMGB1 (500 ng/ml)(B).
Figure 5
The expression of lung TNF-α (A), MIP-2 (B) and IL-1β (C) at 24 hour after HMGB1 (2.5 mg/kg) or 4 hour after LPS (5 mg/kg) injection into peritoneum.
*p<.05 to control, †p<.05 to HMGB1
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