The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Chul-Gyu Kim; Youngji Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.108

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Kim and Kim: The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2018;29(1):108-119.

Published online: 12 March 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.108

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Chul-Gyu Kim¹, Youngji Kim²

¹Department of Nursing Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

²College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Youngji College of Nursing, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoi-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 13120, Korea. Tel: +82-32-820-4237, Fax: +82-32-820-4002, E-mail: superdr1@hanmail.net, superdr1@gachon.ac.kr

Received 12 October 2017 Revised 26 February 2018 Accepted 26 February 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome.

Methods

The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015.

Results

Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p<.05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI ≥25 group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI <25 group (p<.001) for metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Women, Premenopause, Risk factors

References

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Table 1.

Weighted Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewife

Variables	Categories	Total (n=2,498)
Variables	Categories	n (%)	M±SE
Metabolic syndrome
Waist circumference		397 (17.9)
≥85cm Blood pressure ≥130/85mmHg		293 (11.7)
Triglyceride ≥150mg/dL		361 (15.5)
High density lipoprotein ＜50mg/dL		936 (36.2)
Fasting blood glucose ≥100mg/dL		337 (14.3
Number of metabolic syndrome components	0	1,113 (45.1)	0.95±0.03
	1	792 (29.7)
	2	343 (14.5)
	3	157 (6.7)
	4	75 (3.3)
	5	15 (0.7)
Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome		247 (10.7)
Blood pressure and waist circumference
Systolic blood pressure			108.17±0.30
Diastolic blood pressure			71.86±0.24
Waist circumference			76.56±0.24
Serum lipid and glucose
Cholesterol			185.07±0.81
Triglyceride			101.88±1.79
Low density lipoprotein			110.54±0.69
High density lipoprotein			54.90±0.27
Glucose			92.49±0.47

Table 2.

Weighted Prevalence of General Characteristics and Physical and Psychological Characteristics by Metabolic Syndrome

Variables		Categories	Total (n=2,495)	Without MS (n=2,248)	MS (n=247)	x² or t (p)
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SE	n (%) or M±SE	n (%) or M±SE	x² or t (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)	＜40	1,473 (58.9)	1,375 (60.8)	98 (42.8)	26.95 (＜.001)
		40~49	872 (35.5)	755 (34.2)	117 (45.9)
		≥50	150 (5.6)	118 (5.0)	32 (11.3)
			38.13±0.19	37.76±0.19	41.20±0.53	33.19 (＜.001)
		Range	21~60	21~58	27~60
	Education	≤Middle school	146 (6.7)	110 (5.7)	36 (14.5)	36.69 (＜.001)
		High school	1,052 (43.9)	915 (42.5)	137 (55.7)
		≥College	1,297 (49.4)	1,223 (51.8)	74 (29.8)
	Living	Alone	17 (0.8)	15 (0.7)	2 (1.0)	0.91 (.634)
		With only spouse	132 (5.9)	115 (5.7)	17 (7.5)
		With other family	2,346 (93.3)	2,118 (93.6)	228 (91.5)
	Livinghood benefit	Yes	98 (4.8)	73 (3.8)	25 (13.5)	28.55 (＜.001)
		No	2,397 (95.2)	2,175 (96.2)	222 (85.5)
Physical characteristics	Perceived health status		2.76±0.02	2.73±0.02	2.95±0.06	11.38 (＜.001)
	BMI (kg/m²)	＜25	1,950 (76.3)	1,894 (82.7)	56 (22.7)	323.15 (＜.001)
		≥25	545 (23.7)	354 (17.3)	191 (77.3)
			22.92±0.09	22.33±0.08	27.79±0.34	245.08 (＜.001)
	WBC (/mm³)		5.91±0.04	5.79±0.04	6.91±0.14	56.32 (＜.001)
	RBC (/mm³)		4.35±0.01	4.33±0.01	4.53±0.03	57.76 (＜.001)
	Family history of hypertension	Yes	1,001 (40.0)	893 (39.5)	108 (44.1)	1.43 (.230)
		No	1,494 (60.0)	1,355 (60.5)	139 (55.9)
	Family history of dyslipidemia	Yes	184 (6.9)	169 (7.0)	15 (6.9)	0.01 (.976)
		No	2,311 (93.1)	2,079 (93.0)	232 (93.1)
	Family history of diabetes mellitus	Yes	611 (24.1)	535 (23.0)	76 (33.2)	9.62 (.001)
		No	1,884 (75.9)	1,713 (77.0)	171 (66.8)
Psychological characteristics	Sleeping time (hour)		7.17±0.10	7.20±0.11	6.89±0.11	3.60 (.058)
	Awareness of stress	Yes	613 (25.7)	546 (25.6)	67 (27.0)	0.16 (.681)
		No	1,882 (74.3)	1,702 (74.4)	180 (73.0)
	Depression	Yes	283 (12.2)	246 (11.8)	37 (14.9)	1.36 (.243)
		No	2,212 (87.8)	2,002 (88.2)	210 (85.1)
	Suicide ideation	Yes	225 (9.2)	196 (9.0)	29 (10.9)	0.68 (.408)
		No	2,270 (90.8)	2,052 (91.0)	218 (89.1)

MS=metabolic syndrome; BMI=body mass index; WBC=white blood cell; RBC=red blood cell.

Table 3.

Weighted Prevalence of Health Behavior and Diet Habit by Metabolic Syndrome

Variables		Categories	Total (n=2,495)	Without MS (n=2,248)	MS (n=247)	x² or t (p)
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SE	n (%) or M±SE	n (%) or M±SE	x² or t (p)
Health behavior	Health check up	Yes	1,090 (42.6)	972 (41.9)	118 (48.1)	2.46 (.116)
	(≤2 years)	No	1,405 (57.4)	1,276 (58.1)	128 (51.9)
	Drinking amount	≤2 cups	1,722 (68.7)	1,576 (69.6)	146 (60.4)	6.22 (.012)
		≥3 cups	773 (31.3)	672 (30.4)	101 (39.6)
	Current smoking	Yes	124 (5.9)	108 (5.6)	16 (7.6)	1.03 (.309)
		No	2,371 (94.1)	2,140 (94.4)	231 (92.4)
	Smoking amount (cigarette/day)		0.44±0.05	0.43±0.05	0.53±0.17	0.32 (.569)
	Physical activity	Yes	1,026 (41.8)	921 (41.9)	105 (40.9)	0.06 (.796)
		No	1,469 (58.2)	1,327 (58.1)	142 (59.1)
Diet habit and daily nutritional intake status	Total intake (g)		1,433.28±15.82	1,433.00±16.38	1,435.67±58.17	0.00 (.965)
	Fat (g)		42.60±0.65	42.81±0.68	40.88±2.07	0.78 (.376)
	Carbohydrate (g)		284.23±2.57	284.11±2.59	285.26±9.88	0.01 (.909)
	Fiber (g)		14.07±0.26	14.05±0.27	14.23±0.91	0.04 (.849)
	Sodium (mg)		4,044.33±61.55	4,015.44±60.63	42,85.33±251.84	1.11 (.292)
	High sodium intake	Yes	1,827 (72.6)	1,652 (72.8)	175 (70.9)	0.29 (.589)
		No	668 (27.4)	596 (27.2)	72 (28.1)
	Potassium (mg)		2,866.98±32.23	2,862.15±32.16	2,907.26±121.10	0.13 (.714)
	Low potassium intake	Yes	651 (25.6)	579 (25.6)	72 (26.3)	0.05 (.815)
		No	1,844 (74.4)	1,669 (74.4)	175 (73.7)

MS=metabolic syndrome.

Table 4.

Weighted Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome

Variables	Categories	OR (95%CI)	p
Age (year)	＜40	1.00
	40~49	1.56 (0.98~2.48)	.060
	≥50	2.42 (1.15~5.06)	.019
Education	≤Middle school High school	1.00 0.68 (0.32~1.47)	.335
Education	≥College	0.49 (0.22~1.13)	.096
Livinghood benefit	No	1.00
Livinghood benefit	Yes	2.69 (1.16~6.24)	.021
Perceived health status		1.36 (1.03~1.79)	.030
BMI	＜25	1.00
BMI	≥25	12.59 (8.21~19.32)	＜.001
Family history of hypertension	No	1.00
Family history of hypertension	Yes	1.03 (0.66~1.60)	.909
Family history of dyslipidemia	No	1.00
Family history of dyslipidemia	Yes	0.56 (0.20~1.55)	.259
Family history of diabetes mellitus	No	1.00
Family history of diabetes mellitus	Yes	1.91 (1.26~2.92)	.002
WBC		1.27 (1.13~1.44)	＜.001
RBC		5.65 (3.00~10.63)	＜.001
Sleeping time (hour)		0.82 (0.70~0.98)	.028
Awareness of stress	No	1.00
Awareness of stress	Yes	0.49 (0.29~0.85)	.011
Depression	No	1.00
Depression	Yes	1.41 (0.63~3.15)	.405
Suicide ideation	No	1.00
Suicide ideation	Yes	0.95 (0.41~2.22)	.913
Drinking amount	≤2 cups	1.00
Drinking amount	≥3 cups	1.31 (0.84~2.02)	.233
Current smoking	No	1.00
Current smoking	Yes	0.77 (0.31~1.91)	.572
Physical activity	No	1.00
Physical activity	Yes	1.03 (0.67~1.57)	.893
Fat (g)		1.00 (0.99~1.01)	.968
Carbohydrate (g)		1.00 (0.99~1.00)	.229
Fiber (g)		1.00 (0.98~1.02)	.949
High sodium intake	No	1.00
High sodium intake	Yes	0.95 (0.58~1.54)	.821
Low potassium intake	No	1.00
Low potassium intake	Yes	1.02 (0.60~1.72)	.949

BMI=body mass index; WBC=white blood cell; RBC=red blood cell; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

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