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Introduction
Depression as a common and serious mood disorder impose huge socioeconomic burden, so that can be developed in about 1 per 5 people in the USA. Females, particularly peri- and postmenopausal women, experience the depressive disorders more than the males.1
The peri- and postmenopausal women are suffering from several stressful situations related to family, social behaviors, occupation, sexuality, and healthcare and economic, resulting in high risk of mood disorders.23 Menopausal symptoms can significantly impact on quality of life.4
According to the previous studies, the main possible reason for mood variations is decrease in estradiol level and its relationship with the monoamineoxidase level of platelet.567
Hormone replacement therapy is reportedly widely used treatment to alleviate the depression symptoms.8910
In 2004, in follow-up 6.8 years, the side effect of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) comparted to placebo. The Women's Health Initiative reported hazard ratios of 0.91 for coronary heart disease (CHD), 0.77 ofr cancer breast and 1.39 for stroke. Based on the result, the administration of CEE can lead to an increased risk of stroke. However, it did not impact CHD incidence. In addition to, potential decreased risk of breast cancer need to further research works.11
Also, some medications such as benzodiazepines and antidepressants are employed to heal the mood disturbances but they give adverse effects.8 Benzodiazepines are associated with side effects such as anterograde amnesia, physical dependence and also in long term may cause physical dependence.12 Antidepressant may indicate side effects such as weight gain, sexual dysfunction and suicidality.131415
Due to public misunderstanding of issues “cancer and hormone therapy” and concern about side effect of benzodiazepines and antidepressant, many health care provider and people has been has interested in complementary and alternative medicine.161718
The aromatherapy is defined as an essential oil therapy, referringto science of utilizing aromatic essential oils naturally extracted from plants that penetrate into the body through the skin or the olfactory system. Consequently, many changes can occur in the physiological indices like blood pressure, muscle tension, pupil dilation, blink magnitude, skin temperature and blood flow, pulse rate, and cerebral function.19
In this regard, we found only one meta-analysis focusing on the effect of aromatherapy on perceived stress and depression in middle-aged women. Three reasons can justify the necessity for a new comprehensive meta-analysis. First, 2 related studies were detected that were not included in the previous meta-analysis. Second, the previous meta-analysis has not considered the elderly population. Third, all of those studies included in the depression meta-analysis had been extracted from the Korean database. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the effect of aromatherapy on the treatment of the psychological symptoms among the postmenopausal and elderly women.
Materials and Methods
1. Search strategy
Three following databases were systematically searched: MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception to January 2018. The search keywords included‘ menopause’ AND (aromatherapy), without language restriction.
2. The inclusion criteria
(1) Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that compared the effect of aromatherapy massage either in mono/combined preparations with placebo or treatment group as control.
(2) Trials should report at least one psychological symptom such as anxiety and depression.
3. Data extraction
Two reviewers using predefined checklist independently extracted the following data from each study: year of publication, first author, menopausal status, sample size, duration of treatment, the dose and the outcome for both the intervention and control groups including the mean and standard deviation of pre- and posttreatment or mean difference with the baseline (Table 1).
4. Quality assessment of the included studies
Two independent reviewers assessed the RCT quality using Cochrane Collaboration's tool for achieving the risk of research bias, including random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting and other sources (Table 2).
5. Standardized difference mean (SMD)
The SMD of each study was calculated as the main effect in our analysis. Due to high heterogeneity, the random-effects model was applied to pool the aromatherapy effect on the psychological symptoms. Cochrane Q test and I2 index were used to calculate the degree of heterogeneity and significance level. Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2 calculated the SMD and other statistical analysis. Sensitivity analysis were carried out to detect the potential resource of heterogeneity.
Results
Figure 1 illustrates the selection process of studies to include into the current systematic review. As shown, 4 trials were included finally into our systematic review. Table 1 shows the summary of profiles related to the include studies. We found 3 trials161920 matched with our objectives and also appropriately reported data to include in the meta-analysis. According to the searches, the aromatherapy massage improved significantly the psychological symptoms in the menopausal and elderly women compared to the control group (SMD = −1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.188 to −0.606; P < 0.001; random effect model; 3 trials, moderate to high heterogeneity, I2 = 0.76; P = 0.028) (Fig. 2).
One trial21 had no appropriate data to include in the psychological aromatherapy meta-analysis. Therefore, we reported it as qualitative. Hur et al.21 assessed the effects of aromatherapy massage using mixture oil containing lavender, rose geranium, rose and jasmine in almond and primrose oils on the nervousness using Kupperman Index. Fifty-two Korean climacteric women were divided into 2 groups of aromatherapy (n = 25) and untreated (n = 27). The aromatherapy oil massage was no more effective than untreated group regarding nervousness. In addition, the comparison of results from pre- and posttreatmentwith aromatherapy oil showed no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis evaluating the effect of aromatherapy on the psychological symptoms. The meta-analysis showed the aromatherapy massage improved significantly psychological symptoms in and elderly and menopausal women compared to control group.
Kim et al.22 recently conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effect of the aromatherapy on the psychological symptoms of stress and depression among middle-aged females. The mean difference of depression was significantly lower in the aromatherapy massage group (SMD = −4.24; 95% CI, −12.61 to 4.12; heterogeneity, I2 = 80% 2 trials) and inhalation of aromatherapy group (SMD = −7.44, 95% CI, −10.87 to −4.01) compared to the control group these findings are consistent with our meta-analysis. The aromatherapy massage can attenuate depression through improving the blood flow in the frontal cortex of the brain, stimulating the body soft tissues causing metabolic balance and enhancing a sense of caring and expressing love to the patient.19
There are some limitations in the present review that should be taken into account in the future research. The 4 studies included in systematic review only reported short-term effect of aromatherapy on the psychological symptoms, and long-term effects remain unknown. The emotional supports of the patients received from researcher during aromatherapy might influence the treatment response, which were not provided for the control group. The methods of allocation were inappropriate or clearly descriptive, hereby the emergence of possible bias. There is need for future trials with high-quality methodology, more clear explanation, blinding and reporting the intent-to treatment analysis.
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