Journal List > Korean J Health Promot > v.16(2) > 1089882

Kwon, Nah, Kim, Joe, and Cho: Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Psychological Characteristics in Korean Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Background

Metabolic syndrome is a major health problem in postmenopausal women, along with psychological issues. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and mental health properties targeting middle-aged menopausal women, and analyzed the psychological factors affecting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

The study subjects were 479 postmenopausal women aged 45–64 years, who had taken their routine health screenings from August to October in 2012. The presence of 3 or more of 5 risk factors constitutes diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Depression, trait anxiety, and stress level were measured by Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Inventory, and Brief Encounter Psychological Instrument, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and psychological characteristics.

Results

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women was 16.5%. Metabolic syndrome was significantly related with trait anxiety (odds ratio [OR]=16.53, P=0.007) and depression (OR=0.16, P=0.012), after adjusting for age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, body mass index, eating habits and exercise.

Conclusions

Trait anxiety and depression were found to be related with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

References

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Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to the presence of metabolic syndrome
  Group without MetS Group with MetS Total Pa
N 400 (83.5) 79 (16.5) 479 (100.0)  
Age, y 57.0 (54.0–60.5) 57.0 (53.0–61.0) 57.0 (54.0–61.0) 0.591
Stressb       0.197
Mild 224 (56.7) 51 (64.6) 275 (58.0)  
Moderate to severe 171 (43.3) 28 (35.4) 199 (42.0)  
Trait anxietyc       0.039
Normal 373 (98.2) 74 (93.7) 447 (97.4)  
Mild to moderate 7 (1.8) 5 (6.3) 12 (2.6)  
Depression       0.008
Normal 260 (65.0) 62 (78.5) 322 (67.2)  
Mild 73 (18.3) 3 (3.8) 76 (15.9)  
Moderate 48 (12.0) 12 (15.2) 60 (12.5)  
Severe 19 (4.8) 2 (2.5) 21 (4.4)  
BMI, kg/m2 23.1 (21.8–24.8) 26.2 (23.5–28.1) 23.4 (21.9–25.5) <0.001
Waist circumference, cm 77.0 (73.0–82.0) 86.0 (79.0–90.0) 78.0 (73.0–83.0) <0.001
Systolic BP, mmHg 118.0 (110.0–127.0) 131.0 (124.0–137.0) 118.0 (110.0–130.0) <0.001
Diastolic BP, mmHg 74.0 (70.0–80.0) 83.0 (78.0–88.0) 76.0 (70.0–81.0) <0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL 209.0 (185.0–235.0) 219.0 (186.0–238.0) 211.0 (186.0–235.0) 0.373
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 57.0 (51.0–64.0) 46.0 (39.0–50.0) 56.0 (50.0–63.0) <0.001
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 129.0 (106.0–153.5) 131.2 (103.4–154.8) 129.0 (105.6–154.0) 0.728
Triglycerides, mg/dL 90.0 (66.0–126.0) 174.0 (122.0–210.0) 98.0 (69.0–145.0) <0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL 93.0 (88.0–99.0) 105.0 (94.0–116.0) 94.0 (89.0–101.0) <0.001
Marital statusd       0.607
Married living with partner 347 (87.0) 67 (84.8) 414 (86.6)  
Widow/divorced/single 52 (13.0) 12 (15.2) 64 (13.4)  
Educational levele       0.037
≤Middle school 158 (39.5) 43 (55.1) 201 (42.1)  
High school 164 (41.0) 23 (29.5) 187 (39.1)  
College/Universe 78 (19.5) 12 (15.4) 90 (18.8)  
Monthly incomef       0.940
≤2 million won 146 (38.0) 27 (35.5) 173 (37.6)  
2–3 million won 76 (19.8) 14 (18.4) 90 (19.6)  
3–5 million won 99 (25.8) 21 (27.6) 120 (26.1)  
≥5 million won 63 (16.4) 14 (18.4) 77 (16.7)  

Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein. Values are presented prevalence (%) or median (range).

a Calculated by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney U test.

b 5 missing.

c 20 missing.

d 1 missing.

e 1 missing.

f 19 missing.

Table 2.
Correlation between mental health score and risk factors of metabolic syndrome
  Stress Trait anxiety Depression
  r Pa r Pa r Pa
Waist circumference, cm –0.058 0.209 –0.035 0.454 -0.118 0.010
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg –0.114 0.013 –0.060 0.203 –0.101 0.026
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg –0.114 0.013 –0.071 0.127 –0.107 0.019
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 0.031 0.497 0.007 0.885 0.054 0.240
Triglycerides, mg/dL 0.021 0.652 0.042 0.368 0.004 0.928
Fasting glucose, mg/dL 0.016 0.723 0.015 0.746 –0.054 0.237
No. of metabolic components –0.055 0.234 –0.016 0.737 -0.103 0.025

Abbreviations: HDL, high density lipoprotein.

a Calculated by Spearman rank correlation.

Table 3.
Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged menopausal womena
MetS OR 95% CI Pb
Stress      
Mild (Reference) 1.00    
Moderate to severe 0.64 0.288–1.400 0.260
Triat anxiety      
Normal (Reference) 1.00    
Mild to moderate 16.53 2.161–126.506 0.007
Depression      
Normal (Reference) 1.00    
Mild 0.16 0.039–0.667 0.012
Moderate 0.87 0.271–2.781 0.867
Severe 0.15 0.014–1.548 0.147
BMI 1.46 1.305–1.639 <0.001

Abbreviations: Mets, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index

a This model was adjusted for age, educational level, monthly income, BMI, eating habit and exercise.

b Calculated by multiple logistic regression.

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