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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify association between maternal depression and multiple contextual factors in 1,519 mothers in Korea who participated in the 2009 Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC).
Methods
The second wave data which was a comprehensive longitudinal data set with a nationally representative birth cohort was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Kessler depression scale was used for this study.
Results
Of the mothers, 23.0% reported being mild to moderate depression and 4.5% of the mothers reported severe depression. The factors influencing maternal depression include; mother's self-efficacy, mother's marital conflict, mother's social support, infant's and toddler's emotionality, mother's smoking and infant's feeding & eating of daily routine. These variables explained 39.5% of maternal depression.
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Table 1.
Mothers' General Characteristics (N=1,519)
Table 2.
Influencing Factors (N=1,519)
Table 3.
Comparison of Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | Depression scores | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | M±SD | t or F (p) | |||
| Mother's independent variables | Age (year) | 20~29 | 349 (23.0) | 11.42±4.52 | 0.02 |
| 30~39 | 1,132 (74.5) | 11.41±4.03 | (.979) | ||
| ≥40 | 38 (2.5) | 11.55±3.66 | |||
| Duration being married | ＜36 | 529 (34.8) | 11.49±4.46 | 1.41 | |
| 36~59 | 418 (27.5) | 11.52±4.10 | (.237) | ||
| 60~119 | 465 (30.6) | 11.43±3.91 | |||
| ≥120 | 107 (7.1) | 10.64±3.42 | |||
| Educational level | ≤High school | 447 (29.4) | 12.08±4.74a | 8.31 | |
| College & university | 996 (65.6) | 11.12±3.85b | (＜.001) | ||
| ≥Master degree | 76 (5.0) | 10.92±3.39b | a＞b | ||
| Religion | Yes | 792 (52.1) | 11.52±4.10 | 0.99 | |
| No | 727 (47.9) | 11.31±4.16 | (.320) | ||
| Marital status | First marriage | 1,501 (98.8) | 11.40±4.13 | -1.87 | |
| Others | 18 (1.2) | 13.17±4.22 | (.014) | ||
| Job status | Yes | 477 (31.4) | 10.97±3.95 | 2.86 | |
| No | 1,042 (68.6) | 11.62±4.20 | (.004) | ||
| Living with infant | Yes | 1,488 (98.0) | 11.38±4.10 | -1.87 | |
| No | 31 (2.0) | 13.19±5.42 | (.014) | ||
| Living with infant's father | Yes | 1,458 (96.0) | 11.41±4.11 | -0.17 | |
| No | 61 (4.0) | 11.51±4.71 | (.862) | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 23 (1.5) | 15.61±5.84 | 3.48 | |
| No | 1,496 (98.5) | 11.35±4.07 | (.002) | ||
| Drinking | Yes | 535 (35.2) | 11.95±4.28 | -3.71 | |
| No | 984 (64.8) | 11.13±4.02 | (＜.001) | ||
| Father's demographic characteristics | Age (year) | 20~29 | 138 (9.1) | 11.68±4.54 | 0.54 |
| 30~39 | 1,221 (80.4) | 11.42±4.15 | (.581) | ||
| ≥40 | 160 (10.5) | 11.18±3.60 | |||
| Educational level | ≤High school | 392 (25.8) | 11.99±4.61a | 8.79 | |
| College & university | 973 (64.1) | 11.35±3.98a | (＜.001) | ||
| ≥Master degree | 154 (10.1) | 10.40±3.51b | a＞b | ||
| Religion | Yes | 672 (44.2) | 11.18±3.98 | -2.01 | |
| No | 847 (55.8) | 11.61±4.24 | (.044) | ||
| Job status | Yes | 1,494 (98.4) | 11.42±4.14 | 0.17 | |
| No | 25 (1.6) | 11.56±3.73 | (.862) | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 799 (52.6) | 11.77±4.38 | 3.57 | |
| No | 720 (47.4) | 11.02±3.81 | (＜.001) | ||
| Drinking | Yes | 1,195 (78.7) | 11.54±4.15 | 2.30 | |
| No | 324 (21.3) | 10.95±4.05 | (.021) | ||
| Infant's and toddler's characteristics | Gender | Boy | 763 (50.2) | 11.44±4.13 | 0.17 |
| Girl 11~12 | 756 (48.8) | 11.40±4.13 | (.861) | ||
| Age (month) | 11~12 | 97 (6.4) | 12.33±4.08a | 3.00 | |
| 13~15 | 1,305 (85.9) | 11.32±4.07b | (.050) | ||
| 16~18 | 117 (7.7) | 11.71±4.75a,b | a＞b | ||
| Korean-age & stage | Total | ||||
| Number of below broken line 0~1 | 1,494 (98.0) | 11.37±4.10 | -3.31 | ||
| Number of below broken line≥2 | 25 (2.0) | 14.12±5.17 | (.001) | ||
| DDST II | Normal development | 1,146 (75.4) | 11.38±4.09 | -0.59 | |
| Suspected development | 373 (24.6) | 11.53±4.27 | (.553) | ||
| Treatment due to accident/poisoning | Yes | 237 (15.6) | 11.69±3.95 | 1.09 | |
| No | 1,282 (84.4) | 11.37±4.17 | (.274) | ||
| Hospitalization in past | Yes | 317 (20.9) | 11.67±4.43 | 1.15 | |
| No | 1,202 (79.1) | 11.35±4.05 | (.249) | ||
| Family's economic status | The national basic living security system state | People on basic welfare | 15 (1.0) | 11.20±4.96 | 0.85 |
| Those in the second-to-the bottom income bracket | 62 (4.1) | 12.08±4.09 | (.429) | ||
| No | 1,442 (94.9) | 11.39±4.13 | |||
| House | One's own house/ leased house | 1,372 (90.3) | 11.33±4.08 | -2.68 | |
| Rental house/monthly rent house/others | 147 (9.7) | 12.29±4.49 | (.007) | ||
Table 4.
Correlation of Influencing Factors to Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)
Table 5.
Factors Influencing on Mother's Depression (N=1,519)
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