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Han, Hwang, Oh, Cha, Ahn, and Kim: Change in Body Compositions of Asian Recipients after Kidney Transplantation
Original Article
Nephrology
Journal of Korean Medical Science

Journal of Korean Medical Science 2012; 27(10): 1182-1187.

Published online: 2 October 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.10.1182

Change in Body Compositions of Asian Recipients after Kidney Transplantation

Seung Seok Han1, Jin Ho Hwang1, Yoon Jung Oh1, Ran-hui Cha2, Curie Ahn1, Yon Su Kim1, 3

1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

3Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Yon Su Kim, MD. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea. Tel: +82.2-2072-2264, Fax: +82.2-745-2264, yonsukim@snu.ac.kr

Received 1 May 2012       Accepted 30 July 2012

© 2012 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Kidney transplantation and accompanying medical conditions may result in changes in body composition. Such changes have been evaluated in Caucasian recipients, but not in Asian recipients. Herein, we conducted a study on Asian recipients because Asians have a different body composition from Caucasians. A total of 50 Asian recipients was enrolled as a prospective cohort. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition (muscle and fat mass) was assessed after 2 weeks (baseline), and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following kidney transplantation. To find predictors related to changes, the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis using forward selection. All of the patients had good graft function during the study period. Patients gained approximately 3 kg within 1 yr of kidney transplantation. The proportion of muscle mass significantly decreased (Ptrend = 0.001) and the proportion of fat mass significantly increased over time (Ptrend = 0.002). The multivariate results revealed that male recipients, deceased donor type, and low protein intake were associated with an increase in fat mass and a decrease in muscle mass. The results from this study may help to investigate differences in body composition changes between races, as well as the factors related to these changes.

Keywords: Asian, Body Composition, Fat, Kidney Transplantation, Muscle

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates. This important condition has been linked to several comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and a higher incidence of mortality (1-3). Body mass index (BMI), which is defined as body weight (kg) divided by the square of body height (m), is used as a marker of obesity worldwide, and a BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese (4). Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that a high BMI, consistent with being either overweight or obese, is associated with an earlier death than a low BMI (5, 6). However, this relationship is not evident in patients with chronic disease states, including chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (7, 8). A high BMI appears to be correlated with a lower risk of mortality in these subjects in what is known as the 'obesity paradox'. A recent study on kidney transplant recipients also revealed no correlation between high BMI and low mortality (9). A possible explanation for these conflicting findings is the lack of sensitivity of BMI. BMI does not differentiate muscle from fat tissue (10). Because a higher BMI could reflect a lack of malnutrition and a high proportion of muscle mass, it is not always associated with an increased death rate, especially in patients with chronic disease. Therefore, in these subjects, body composition might be a factor of greater importance in relation to mortality.
Changes in body composition (fat and muscle mass) after kidney transplantation have been evaluated in some studies (11-13). This issue is important because the change in body composition in kidney recipients influences graft failure, as well as well-known adverse effects (13, 14). However, previous studies have dealt mainly with Caucasian recipients, not Asians. Asians have a different body composition for a given BMI from Caucasians (15). Accordingly, in the present study, we prospectively evaluated the change in body composition of Asian kidney transplant recipients and the factors related to the changes in muscle and fat mass.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

Patients over 20 yr old were included. We excluded patients who had the following histories: multi-organ transplantation or a previous history of kidney transplantation, and taking drugs for diet problems such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Between September 2009 and August 2010, 52 patients were enrolled in this study. Because 2 patients were lost to follow-up, 50 patients were included in the final analysis. All patients were of Asian origin. We recorded clinical parameters, including age at transplantation, sex, the cause of end-stage renal disease and the use of dialysis before transplantation. Donor factors, including age at transplantation, sex, and donor source (living relative, living non-relative, or deceased), were also evaluated.
All the tests were performed at 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after kidney transplantation. Numerous serum measurements were included such as the concentrations of creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and C-reactive protein. The blood samples were taken in the fasting state. Body compositions, including muscle mass (kg) and fat mass (kg), were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, Inbody 720; Biospace company, Ltd., Seoul, Korea). We also measured weight (kg), height (cm), and circumferences (cm) of the waist, hip, mid-arm and arm muscle. BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by the square of body height (m). According to the guideline (16), patients were recommended to intake 1.0-1.2 g/kg/d of protein and a suitable amount of calories at 2 weeks of transplantation. One month after kidney transplantation, patients kept a log of the food that they consumed for three days per week (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day). Thereafter, we assessed mean daily total energy and protein intake using a nutrient analysis program (CAN-Pro 3.0, Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, Korea).
Steroids, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), and inhibitors of purine synthesis (mycophenolate mofetil) were the baseline immunosuppressive agents used in the majority of patients. All the patients used steroids during the study period. Either everolimus or mizoribine was also used instead of mycophenolate mofetil in some patients. The dose regimen of the immunosuppressive agents was changed according to the patient's status. The cumulative steroid dose was calculated and converted to the dose of prednisone. Major complications, such as acute rejection, were evaluated by kidney biopsy. When acute cellular rejection developed, the patients were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy.

Statistical analysis

All analyses and calculations were performed using SPSS software (SPSS version 16.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Baseline body composition measurements were taken 2 weeks following transplantation to reduce the effect of excessive water accumulation after the operation. To identify the changes in parameters, repeated measure analysis of variance was used. The predictors related to these changes were detected using the mixed model method. Then, multivariate analysis with forward selection was used to find the factor with the highest impact and to avoid multicollinearity between predictors. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Ethics statement

The institutional review board at the Seoul National University Hospital reviewed and approved this study (No. H-0906-037-283). Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics

Of the 50 recipients, 24 were male, and 26 were female (Table 1). The mean ages of the recipients and donors were 47 and 42 yr, respectively. Before kidney transplantation, 43 subjects had received dialysis modalities. In 60% of the cases, the recipients received grafts from living donors. The causes of end-stage renal disease included diabetes mellitus (18%), glomerulonephritis (24%), and a number of other diseases (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 8%; reflux nephropathy, 2%; and other known causes, 4%). Forty-four per cent of the patients did not know the origin of their end-stage renal disease. During the follow-up period, acute rejection developed in 18 patients. None of the patients had graft failure.

Body compositions

The mean BMI of the patients was 21.8 kg/m2. BMIs less than 20.0 kg/m2 and higher than 25.0 kg/m2 were found in 15 and 6 patients, respectively. The change in the body composition parameter is shown in Table 2. Patients gained approximately 3 kg within 1 yr of kidney transplantation. Muscle mass decreased early after transplantation, and then the patients slowly regained muscle mass. Fat mass increased continuously after transplantation. Over time, the proportion of muscle mass significantly decreased (Ptrend = 0.001), and the proportion of fat mass significantly increased over time (Ptrend = 0.002). The trend for muscle mass change was similar to the change in anthropometric parameters such as arm and arm muscle circumferences. However, the trend for fat mass change was not similar to the change in waist circumference. Although patients had a reduction in waist circumference early after transplantation, the circumferences increased over time to measurements similar to those at baseline.

Predictors of body composition change

We evaluated the factors related to the change in muscle and fat mass (Table 3). In univariate analysis, several factors such as the recipient's age and sex were associated with body composition change. In the forward selection step, the recipient's sex had the highest impact of these factors (Fig. 1). During the study period, male recipients lost 4.0% of their muscle mass, and female recipients lost 3.4% of their muscle mass. Conversely, male and female recipients gained 4.0% and 3.4% in fat mass, respectively. After multivariate analysis, the recipient's sex, donor type, and the mean daily protein intake had a significant effect on body composition; male recipients, deceased donor type, and low protein intake were associated with an increase in fat mass and a decrease in muscle mass.
We further evaluated the predictors after stratifying the period into two groups (baseline to 3 months and 3 to 12 months), because the changes of body composition seemed to be larger before 3 months than after 3 months. As Table 4 shows, recipient's sex and protein intake were independent predictors related to the changes in muscle and fat mass throughout the whole study period. However, deceased donor type was correlated with these changes only after 3 months, but not within 3 months.

DISCUSSION

The present study shows that recipients had a weight gain of approximately 3 kg within 1 yr of kidney transplantation. This change was primarily due to an increase in fat mass. Muscle mass decreased soon after transplantation, but patients regained muscle mass over time. The muscle change was similar to the change in anthropometric parameters, but the total fat change differed from the trend for waist circumference. Of the patient characteristics, the recipient's sex, donor type, and mean daily protein intake were the main predictors of changes in muscle and fat mass. The following points of the present study may be helpful to clinical practice. First, we assessed Asian kidney recipients, unlike previous studies, which have dealt mostly with Caucasian recipients. Second, we assessed the predictors related to changes in body composition by using appropriate analytical methods.
Obesity is an important global issue. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) grades obesity according to BMI: underweight < 18.5 kg/m2, normal range 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, overweight 25.0-29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 (4). This system is convenient and reliable because a high BMI represents a high fat mass. However, BMI is a less useful measure in Asians and in chronic disease patients than in Caucasians and healthy subjects. Although Asian populations are not homogeneous, the body fat per given BMI differs between Asians and Caucasians (15). Accordingly, a different cut-off for BMI categories has been proposed for the Asian population (17). The phenomenon of a high BMI being associated with a good survival outcome is another important issue. This association is often shown for patients with chronic diseases and in elderly subjects (6-8). The main reason for unexpected associations with BMI in Asians and chronic disease patients is the lack of sensitivity of BMI. Transplant recipients are also in a chronic disease state rather than a generally healthy state (18). For these reasons, a direct measurement of body fat mass is more reliable in these subjects than is BMI. Previous studies have observed a change in body composition in kidney recipients, and this change affects the overall mortality rate of the recipients (9, 19). However, until now, there have been no studies on Asian kidney recipients. We have listed recently published studies on the change in body composition in kidney transplant recipients in Table 5. Most studies assessed Caucasian subjects and revealed that the proportion of fat mass increased by approximately 2% to 5% within 1 yr of kidney transplantation. The present study results are not largely different from the results of other studies.
We tried to detect which factor could best predict the change in body composition. In univariate analysis, several factors were associated with the change in body composition. However, these factors may be correlated with each other (e.g., male subjects may have a tendency to consume a high calorie diet). Therefore, to avoid multicollinearity of the variables, we conducted multivariate analysis using forward selection. The results revealed the recipient's sex as the most influential factor. Sex differences have also been documented in previous studies (11, 12, 21, 23, 28). However, the published trends were not identical; some studies showed a high fat gain in female subjects (11, 28), whereas other studies showed the opposite (12, 21, 23). Previous studies did not address possible multicollinearity of the variables, but groups of patients with different baseline characteristics may also contribute to the observed discrepancy. Above all, it is well known that body fat accumulation and distribution differ according to race (29, 30). The disadvantage of fat accumulation in Asian female recipients is an important issue in that an unhealthy body composition may lead to adverse transplant outcomes (31).
Even when differences due to sex were accounted for, donor type and protein intake remained significant predictors of body composition change. In the current study, deceased donor transplants had disadvantageous body compositions of high fat and low muscle compared with living donor transplants, particularly in the late posttransplant period. It is well known that living donor transplantation is associated with better graft and patient outcomes than deceased donor transplantation (32). This finding can be explained partly by a high inflammatory state in the deceased donor transplants compared with living donor transplants (33). The change in body composition in the present study was not related to C-reactive protein levels, which can indicate inflammatory stress. Therefore, the undesirable body composition of deceased donors may be one of the causes of a worse outcome irrespective of inflammatory state. Nutritional advice is needed to maintain a healthy body composition (34), because kidney transplantation easily leads to a catabolic state. In the present study, univariate analysis showed that both total caloric and protein intakes were important; however, in the multivariate analysis, protein intake was more attributable to the change in body composition than was total calorie intake. The effect of protein intake on body composition, especially on muscle mass, is well documented (35). However, a controlled intervention study is needed to address the clear relationship between protein intake and body composition change.
High fat accumulation and sarcopenia are critically hazardous because they are associated with worse graft and patient survival (19, 31). Furthermore, visceral obesity has a greater impact on outcomes than does non-visceral fat distribution (9, 19). Therefore, we examined the waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio for the index of visceral obesity. However, in the early phase of kidney transplantation, both the waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio did not increase but rather decreased significantly. The trend for visceral fat distribution may be different in Caucasian recipients (20, 22). In view of this difference, the examination of the above indices is not sufficient to evaluate the body composition of Asian recipients within at least 1 yr of transplantation.
In summary, we are the first to address the body composition change of Asian kidney recipients. Within 1 yr of transplantation, the trend for the body composition change was similar to that of Caucasian kidney recipients. Furthermore, we found that the recipient's sex, donor type, and protein intake are predictors of body composition change using appropriate statistical methods. Some findings differed from the results of previous studies, and these differences may be due to racial effects. Because body composition is associated with transplant outcomes, the current findings may be helpful to clinical practice. However, for clarity, large controlled studies with long-term follow up periods will be needed.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Changes in the proportion of muscle (A) and fat mass (B) according to sex. Symbols and error bars indicate the mean and standard deviation, respectively.
jkms-27-1182-g001
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of recipients and donors
jkms-27-1182-i001

Values are expressed as the mean (± standard deviation) or the percentage. HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 2
Change of body composition and biochemical parameters over time after kidney transplantation
jkms-27-1182-i002

*P < 0.05, †P < 0.01, ‡P < 0.001 (versus baseline). MAC, mid-arm circumference; AMC, mid-arm muscle circumference; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 3
Univariate and multivariate mixed model results of different factors predicting the change of body composition
jkms-27-1182-i003

ESRD, end-stage renal disease; TPL, transplantation; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; Pd, prednisone; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 4
Results of multivariate analyses after stratifying the study period into two groups: baseline to 3 months and 3 to 12 months
jkms-27-1182-i004

ns, not significant in univariate and multivariate analyses.

Table 5
Studies published after the year 2000 on the change in body composition in kidney transplant recipients
jkms-27-1182-i005

*Baseline was tested at 3 months after transplantation. M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; f/u, follow-up; SS, standard use of steroid; SW, steroid withdrawal.

Notes

This work was supported by a grant from the Korean Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (A084001).

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