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Leong, Azizi, Taher, Wahidin, Lee, Tan, and Tong: Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea Attenuate Food-Borne Penicillium expansum and its Potential Application as Food Biopreservative
Original Article

Natural Product Sciences 2017;23(2):125-131.

Published online: 20 January 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2017.23.2.125

Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea Attenuate Food-Borne Penicillium expansum and its Potential Application as Food Biopreservative

Chean-Ring Leong1, Muhammad Afif Kamarul Azizi1, Md Abu Taher1, Suzana Wahidin1, Kok-Chang Lee2, Wen-Nee Tan3, Woei-Yenn Tong1, ∗

1Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988 Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka

2Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

3 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

∗Author for correspondence Woei-Yenn Tong, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988 Kawasan Per-industrian Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka Tel: +60-16-482-2046; E-mail: wytong@unikl.edu.my

Received 15 February 2017       Revised 11 April 2017       Accepted 12 April 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Clitoria ternatea or Commonly known blue pea, is a perennial climber crop native to Asian countries. The current study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity C. ternatea extract on food borne microorganisms and its antifungal effect on Penicillium expansum. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against 3 Gram positive bacteria, 2 Gram negative bacteria and 1 filamentous fungus on disc diffusion assay. The extract also showed good biocidal effect on all Gram positive bacteria tested and P. expansum. However, the kill curve analysis revealed that the fungicidal activity of the extract against P. expansum conidia was depend on the concentration of the extract and the time of exposure of the conidia to the extract. The scanning electron micrograph of the extract treated P. expansum culture showed alterations in the morphology of fungal hyphae. The germination of P. expansum conidia was completely inhibited and conidial development was totally suppressed by the extract, suggesting the possible mode of action of anthocyanin. Besides, the extract also exhibited 5.0-log suppression of microbial growth relative to control in the rice model. The results indicate the potential use of the C. ternatea anthocyanin as food biopreservative.

Keywords: Anthocyanin, Antimicrobial activity, Clitoria ternatea, Penicillium expansum

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Fig. 1.
The kill curve of C. ternatea extract on P. expansum. The fungicidal activity of the extract was concentration-dependent.
nps-23-125f1.tif
Fig. 2.
SEM micrograph of food borne P. expansum treated with (A) sterile distilled water (B) C. ternatea extract (5000× magnification). The results suggest the irreversible damage on the conidiophore of P. expansum.
nps-23-125f2.tif
Fig. 3.
The microbial load of the food model obtained throughout the 5 days of incubation period. Test substance: (◆) C. ternatea extract, (■) Distilled water control. The extract significantly inhibits the microbial growth in the rice model.
nps-23-125f3.tif
Table 1.
Antimicrobial activity of C. ternatea extract on disc diffusion assay. The extract showed antimicrobial activity on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria
Test microorganism Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)
C. ternatea extract Positive control Negative control
Gram Positive Bacteria      
  B. cereus 14.5 ± 2.1 25.6 ± 0.6 −
  B. subtilis 15.8 ± 1.7 23.6 ± 1.2 −
  S. aureus 13.4 ± 1.4 10.0 ± 1.0 −
  B. spizizeni − − −
Gram Negative Bacteria      
  P. mirabilis 14.0 ± 1.1 19.0 ± 0.5 −
  K. pneumoniae 12.0 ± 0.4 18.0 ± 1.2 −
  Y. enterocolitica − 23.2 ± 1.6 −
  E. coli − 17.3 ± 2.2  
Yeasts      
  C. utilis − 16.3 ± 1.4 −
  C. neoformans − 17.5 ± 2.3 −
Filamentous Fungi      
  A. niger − 17.6 ± 1.3 −
  P. expansum 15.5 ± 1.3 18.2 ± 1.6 −
  R. stolonifer − 15.1 ± 1.4 −

(−) = No inhibitory zone

Table 2.
The MIC and MLC of C. ternatea extract on tes microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was con centration-dependent
Bacteria MIC (mg/ml) MLC (mg/ml)
B. cereus 25.0 50.0
B. subtilis 25.0 50.0
S. aureus 50.0 100.0
P. mirabilis 6.2 50.0
K. pneumoniae 1.6 25.0
P. expansum 12.5 25.0
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