Abstract
Purpose
Materials and Methods
Results
Conclusion
Electronic Supplementary Material
Notes
Ethical Statement
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (approval number: 2016-11-040). It was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Korea Good Clinical Practice guidelines. All participants provided written informed consent before taking part in the study.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the analysis: Kim SJ, Kim WS.
Collected the data: Yoon SE, Kang W, Cho J, Chalita M, Lee JH, Hyun DW, Kim H, Kim SJ, Kim WS.
Contributed data or analysis tools: Yoon SE, Kang W, Cho J, Chalita M, Lee JH, Hyun DW, Kim H, Kim SJ, Kim WS.
Performed the analysis: Yoon SE, Kang W.
Wrote the paper: Yoon SE, Kang W.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant from the Korean Health Technology R&D Project through the Korean Health Industry Development Institute, funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HR20C0025), a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (2022R1F1A1064058), and the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. RS-2023-00222838).
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Fig. 4.

Table 1.
Variable | No. (%) (n=40) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 24 (60.0) |
Female | 16 (40.0) |
Age (yr) | |
≤ 60 | 28 (70.0) |
> 60 | 12 (30.0) |
ECOG PS | |
0-1 | 33 (82.5) |
≥ 2 | 7 (17.5) |
B-symptom | |
Presence | 38 (95.0) |
Absence | 2 (5.0) |
LDH | |
Normal | 24 (60.0) |
Elevation | 16 (40.0) |
CRP (n=36) | |
Normal | 30 (83.3) |
Elevation | 6 (16.7) |
Circulating EBV detection | |
Absence | 15 (37.5) |
Elevation | 25 (62.5) |
Stage | |
I/II | 32 (80.0) |
III/IV | 8 (20.0) |
PINK | |
0-1 | 33 (82.5) |
≥ 2 | 7 (17.5) |
PINK-E | |
0-1 | 27 (67.5) |
≥ 2 | 13 (32.5) |
PD-L1a) (n=39) | |
≤ 10 | 16 (41.0) |
> 10 | 23 (59.0) |
TIMEb) (n=39) | |
IT+IE-A | 25 (64.1) |
IE-B+IS | 14 (35.9) |
Early relapsec) | |
No | 23 (57.5) |
Yes | 17 (42.5) |
CRP, C-reactive protein; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; ENKTL, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma; IE-A, immune evasion-A; IE-B, immune evasion-B; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IS, immune silence; IT, immune tolerance; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PINK, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma; PINK-E, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma with EBV; TIME, tumor immune microenvironment.
a) Programmed cell death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression data using a PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx kit and the Dako ASL48 platform. PD-L1 positivity was defined as membranous PD-L1 expression by more than 10% of tumor cells, regardless of staining intensity,
Table 2.
Escherichia (genus) |
Enterobacteriaceae (family) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n=32) | High (n=8) | p-value | Low (n=21) | High (n=19) | p-value | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 18 (75.0) | 6 (25.0) | 0.439 | 12 (50.0) | 12 (50.0) | 0.755 |
Female | 14 (87.5) | 2 (12.5) | 9 (56.3) | 7 (43.8) | ||
Age (yr) | ||||||
≤ 60 | 6 (21.4) | 22 (78.6) | > 0.99 | 14 (50.0) | 14 (50.0) | 0.736 |
> 60 | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | ||
ECOG PS | ||||||
0-1 | 26 (78.8) | 7 (21.2) | > 0.99 | 17 (51.5) | 16 (48.5) | > 0.99 |
≥ 2 | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | ||
B-symptom | ||||||
Presence | 30 (78.9) | 8 (21.1) | > 0.99 | 19 (50.0) | 19 (50.0) | 0.488 |
Absence | 2 (100) | 0 | 2 (100) | 0 | ||
LDH | ||||||
Normal | 19 (79.5) | 5 (20.8) | > 0.99 | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0.196 |
Elevation | 13 (81.3) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (37.5) | 10 (62.5) | ||
CRP | ||||||
Normal | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | 0.596 | 17 (56.7) | 13 (43.3) | 0.391 |
Elevation | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | ||
Circulating EBV detection | ||||||
Absence | 12 (80.0) | 3 (20.0) | > 0.99 | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | 0.204 |
Elevation | 20 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) | ||
Stage | ||||||
I/II | 28 (87.5) | 4 (12.5) | 0.037 | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | 0.001 |
II/IV | 4 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 0 | 8 (100) | ||
PINK | ||||||
0-1 | 29 (87.9) | 4 (12.1) | 0.020 | 21 (63.6) | 12 (36.4) | 0.003 |
≥ 2 | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0 | 7 (100) | ||
PINK-E | ||||||
0-1 | 23 (85.2) | 4 (14.8) | 0.400 | 17 (63.0) | 10 (37.0) | 0.091 |
≥ 2 | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | ||
PD-L1a) (n=39) | ||||||
≤ 10 | 0 | 16 (100) | 0.016 | 5 (31.3) | 11 (68.8) | 0.192 |
>10 | 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | ||
TIMEb) (n=39) | ||||||
IT+IE-A | 19 (76.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.237 | 12 (48.0) | 13 (52.0) | 0.504 |
IE-B+IS | 13 (92.9) | 1 (7.1) | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | ||
Early relapsec) | ||||||
No | 20 (87.0) | 3 (13.0) | 0.250 | 16 (69.6) | 7 (30.4) | 0.024 |
Yes | 12 (70.6) | 5 (29.4) | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) |
Values are presented as number (%). CRP, C-reactive protein; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; ENKTL, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma; IE-A, immune evasion-A; IE-B, immune evasion-B; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IS, immune silence; IT, immune tolerance; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PINK, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma; PINK-E, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma with EBV; TIME, tumor immune microenvironment.
a) Programmed cell death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression data using a PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx kit and the Dako ASL48 platform. PD-L1 positivity was defined as membranous PD-L1 expression by more than 10% of tumor cells, regardless of staining intensity,
Table 3.
CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; HR, hazard ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PFS, progression-free survival; PINK, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma; PINK-E, prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma with Epstein-Barr virus.