Development of Artificial Pulmonary Nodule for Evaluation of Motion on Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy

Sang Keun Woo; Noh Won Park; Seung Woo Park; Jung Woo Yu; Su Chul Han; Seung Jun Lee; Kyeong Min Kim; Joo Hyun Kang; Young Hoon Ji; Ki Dong Eom

doi:10.14316/pmp.2013.24.1.76

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Woo, Park, Park, Yu, Han, Lee, Kim, Kang, Ji, and Eom: Development of Artificial Pulmonary Nodule for Evaluation of Motion on Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy

Original Article

Progress in Medical Physics 2013;24(1):76-83.

Published online: 20 March 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2013.24.1.76

Development of Artificial Pulmonary Nodule for Evaluation of Motion on Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy

Sang Keun Woo^∗, Noh Won Park^‡, Seung Woo Park^†, Jung Woo Yu^∗, Su Chul Han^†, Seung Jun Lee^‡, Kyeong Min Kim^∗, Joo Hyun Kang^∗, Young Hoon Ji^†, Ki Dong Eom^‡,

^∗Molecular Imaging Research Center

^†Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences

^‡Department of Veterinary Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea

책임저자：엄기동, (143-701) 서울시 광진구 화양동 1 건국대학교 수의과대학 수의방사선 및 영상진단의학교실 Tel: 02)450-4165, Fax: 02)444-4396 E-mail: eomkd@konkuk.ac.kr

Received 26 February 2013 Accepted 7 March 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Previous studies about effect of respiratory motion on diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy have been performed by monitoring external motions but these can not reflect internal organ motion well. The aim of this study was to develope the artificial pulmonary nodule able to perform non-invasive implantation to dogs in the thorax and to evaluate applicability of the model to respiratory motion studies on PET image acquisition and radiation delivery by phantom studies. Artificial pulmonary nodule was developed on the basis of 8 Fr disposable gastric feeding tube. Four anesthetized dogs underwent implantation of the models via trachea and implanted locations of the models were confirmed by fluoroscopic images. Artificial pulmonary nodule models for PET injected¹⁸F-FDG and mounted on the respiratory motion phantom. PET images of those acquired under static, 10-rpm- and 15-rpm-longitudinal round motion status. Artificial pulmonary nodule models for radiation delivery inserted glass dosemeter and mounted on the respiratory motion phantom. Radiation delivery was performed at 1 Gy under static, 10-rpm- and 15-rpm-longitudinal round motion status. Fluoroscpic images showed that all models implanted in the proximal caudal bronchiole and location of models changed as respiratory cycle. Artificial pulmonary nodule model showed motion artifact as respiratory motion on PET images. SNR of respiratory gated images was 7.21. which was decreased when compared with that of reference images 10.15. However, counts of respiratory images on profiles showed similar pattern with those of reference images when compared with those of static images, and it is assured that reconstruction of images using by respiratory gating improved image quality. Delivery dose to glass dosemeter inserted in the models were same under static and 10-rpm-longitudinal motion status with 0.91 Gy, but dose delivered under 15-rpm-longitudinal motion status was decreased with 0.90 Gy. Mild decrease of delivered radiation dose confirmed by electrometer. The model implanted in the proximal caudal bronchiole with high feasibility and reflected pulmonary internal motion on fluoroscopic images. Motion artifact could show on PET images and respiratory motion resulted in mild blurring during radiation delivery. So, the artificial pulmonary nodule model will be useful tools for study about evaluation of motion on diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy using laboratory animals.

Keywords: Motion, Artificial pulmonary nodule model, PET, Radiation delivery

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Fig. 1.

Artificial pulmonary nodule models for (a): PET and (b): radiation delivery; (a), the nodule part of the model for PET phantom study in which cotton (∗) was inserted; (b), the nodule part of the model for radiation delivery phantom study in which glass dosemeter (^†) was inserted.

Fig. 2.

The set up for respiratory motion studies and represented fluoroscopic images. (a) the setup for respiratory motion study on the PET with the model mounted on the respiratory phantom; (b) the setup for respiratory motion study on the radiation delivery with the model mounted on the respiratory phantom.

Fig. 3.

Fluoroscopic images of artificial pulmonary nodule models implantation in 4 dogs (from top to bottom). (a) fluoroscopic images of inserted artificial pulmonary nodule models (white star) in dogs at inspiration. (b) fluoroscopic images of inserted artificial pulmonary nodule models (white star) in dogs at expiration.

Fig. 4.

Acquired images of artificial pulmonary nodule model by PET. (a), reference images; (b), static images; (c), respiratory gated images; left, transaxial images; middle, coronal images; right, saggital images.

Fig. 5.

Quantitative analysis of motion in PET images. (a), estimated SNR to reference, static, gated images of artificial pulmonary nodule models at 15-rpm-longitudinal motion; (b), the count of vertical line profile drawn at the artificial pulmonary nodule model during motion at 15 rpm. The diamond line, the square line and the triangle line represent as data of reference, static image and gated image, respectively.

Fig. 6.

Relationship of SNR of respiratory gated PET images and delivered radiation dose as motion rate changes of phantom. The diamond and square represent as SNR and delivered radiation dose, respectively. The blue and red lines represent as drift curves of SNR and delivered radiation dose, respectively. Reference, motion status under rest; N-10, sine wave motion at 10 rpm; N-15, sine wave motion at 15 rpm; R-10, respiratory motion at 10 rpm; R-15, respiratory motion at 15 rpm.

Table 1.

Delivered radiation dose to artificial pulmonary nodule models mounted respiratory phantom with static, 10-and 15-rpm-longitudinal round motion.

	Glass dosemeter		Ion chamber
	Dose (Gy)	Difference (%)	Dose (nC)	Difference (%)
Reference	0.91	–	13.91	–
10 rpm	0.91	0	13.91	0
15 rpm	0.90	1.10	13.87	0.28

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