Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the attitude of physicians and nurses toward family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Methods
100 physicians and 100 nurses from five hospitals with than 500 beds in B city were surveyed using a Family Presence During Resuscitation (FPDR) Inventory. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test using SPSS/WIN 19.0 version.
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Table 1.
Subjects | Variables | Categories | n (%) | M±SD | t or F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physicians (n=98) | Gender | Male | 66 (67.3) | 2.76±0.34 | -1.57 | .119 |
Female | 32 (32.7) | 2.88±0.35 | ||||
Age (year) | <30 | 60 (61.2) | 2.87±0.35 | 2.18 | .031 | |
≥30 | 38 (38.8) | 2.72±0.33 | ||||
Marital status | Married | 29 (29.6) | 2.73±0.33 | -1.15 | .252 | |
Single | 69 (70.4) | 2.82±0.35 | ||||
Religion | Yes | 56 (57.1) | 2.77±0.37 | -0.73 | .467 | |
No | 42 (42.9) | 2.83±0.31 | ||||
Educational level | University | 82 (83.7) | 2.82±0.36 | 1.68 | .097 | |
≥Master | 16 (16.3) | 2.67±0.27 | ||||
Position† | Intern | 34 (34.7) | 2.95±0.29a | 5.22 | .007 | |
Resident | 43 (43.9) | 2.71±0.38b | ||||
Fellow | 21 (21.4) | 2.73±0.29b | ||||
Area of practice | Medical | 51 (52.1) | 2.78±0.34 | -0.50 | .618 | |
Surgical | 47 (47.9) | 2.81±0.36 | ||||
Experience of permission for FP during CPR | Yes | 64 (65.3) | 2.84±0.29 | 1.62 | .112 | |
No | 34 (34.7) | 2.71±0.46 | ||||
Experience of invitation for FP during CPR | Yes | 43 (43.8) | 2.90±0.26 | 2.69 | .009 | |
No | 55 (56.2) | 2.72±0.38 | ||||
Experience of being requested for FP from family members | Yes | 51 (52.0) | 2.83±0.28 | 0.89 | .379 | |
No | 47 (48.0) | 2.76±0.41 | ||||
Nurses (n=99) | Gender | Male | 0 (0.0) | |||
Female | 99 (100) | |||||
Age (year) | ≤25 | 31 (31.3) | 2.80±0.28 | 1.69 | .190 | |
26~30 | 40 (40.4) | 2.66±0.29 | ||||
≥31 | 28 (28.3) | 2.72±0.39 | ||||
Marital status | Married | 19 (19.2) | 2.76±0.42 | 0.53 | .600 | |
Single | 80 (80.8) | 2.71±0.29 | ||||
Religion | Yes | 59 (59.6) | 2.71±0.35 | -0.35 | .725 | |
No | 40 (40.4) | 2.74±0.28 | ||||
Educational level | College | 68 (68.7) | 2.72±0.30 | -0.03 | .977 | |
≥Bachelor | 31 (31.3) | 2.72±0.37 | ||||
Position | Staff nurse | 81 (81.8) | 2.71±0.30 | -0.97 | .391 | |
≥Charge nurse | 18 (18.2) | 2.79±0.41 | ||||
Experience in nursing (month) | ≤24 | 20 (20.2) | 2.75±0.30 | 0.11 | .899 | |
25~60 | 42 (42.4) | 2.72±0.26 | ||||
≥61 | 37 (37.4) | 2.71±0.39 | ||||
Area of practice | ICU, ER | 39 (39.4) | 2.70±0.30 | 0.45 | .636 | |
Medical | 39 (39.4) | 2.76±0.35 | ||||
Surgical | 21 (21.2) | 2.69±0.32 | ||||
Experience of permission for FP during CPR | Yes | 34 (34.4) | 2.80±0.22 | 2.12 | .037 | |
No | 55 (55.6) | 2.68±0.35 | ||||
Experience of invitation for FP during CPR | Yes | 17 (17.2) | 2.79±0.20 | 1.27 | .212 | |
No | 82 (82.8) | 2.71±0.34 | ||||
Experience of being requested for FP from family members | Yes | 45 (45.5) | 2.71±0.32 | -0.25 | .807 | |
No | 54 (54.5) | 2.73±0.32 |
Table 2.
Items | Physicians (n=98) | Nurses (n=99) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
M±SD | M±SD | |||
Family members should always be offered the opportunity to be with the patient during CPR | 2.53±0.83 | 2.35±0.70 | 1.62 | 1.08 |
Physicians want relatives to be present during CPR | 2.46±0.83 | 2.14±0.80† | 2.75 | .007 |
Nurses do not want relatives to be present during CPR | 3.29±0.87 | 3.51±0.86 | -1.77 | .078 |
Physicians are responsible for deciding if family members are allowed to be present during CPR | 3.54±0.86 | 2.92±0.89 | 4.98 | <.001 |
Nurses should have the responsibility for deciding if family members should be present during CPR | 2.50±0.79 | 2.57±0.67 | -0.63 | .530 |
It should be the joint responsibility of all members of the procedure team to decide whether (or not) family members are allowed to be present during CPR | 3.31±0.83 | 3.96±0.75 | -5.78 | <.001 |
There may be a problem of confidentiality in discussing details about the patient if family members are present during CPR | 3.32±0.89 | 3.63±0.84 | -2.51 | .013 |
Because family members do not understand the need for specific intervention they are more likely to argue with the procedure team | 3.62±0.89 | 3.95±0.71 | -2.86 | .005 |
Family members should be present during CPR so that they can be involved in decisions | 3.07±0.86 | 3.30±0.73 | -2.03 | .044 |
If present during CPR, family members are more likely to accept decisions to withdraw treatment | 3.38±0.96 | 3.67±0.77 | -2.33 | .021 |
Total | 2.79±0.40 | 2.69±0.36 | 1.71 | .089 |
Table 3.
Items | Physicians (n=98) | Nurses (n=99) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
M±SD | M±SD | |||
Family members are very likely to interfere with CPR process | 3.28±0.94 | 3.44±0.80 | -1.36 | .175 |
Family members should not be present during CPR because it is too distressing for them | 3.21±0.84 | 3.43±0.80 | -1.89 | .061 |
Nursing and medical staff find it difficult to concentrate when relatives are watching | 3.22±0.94 | 3.44±0.97† | -1.62 | .107 |
The performance of the team will be positively affected due to the presence of family members | 2.64±0.74 | 2.51±0.73 | 1.32 | .190 |
During CPR, team may say things that are upsetting to family members | 3.39±0.87 | 3.33±0.85 | 0.45 | .656 |
There are enough nursing staff to provide emotional support and remain with the family member during CPR | 2.60±0.94 | 2.21±1.04 | 2.76 | .006 |
Most bed area are too small to have a family member present during CPR | 3.34±0.88 | 3.64±0.87 | -2.39 | .018 |
It should not be normal practice for family members to witness CPR procedure of a family member | 3.47±0.83 | 3.78±0.71 | -2.81 | .005 |
If family members are present during CPR, there should be a member of the procedure team whose only role is to look after the family | 3.20±0.90 | 3.46±0.92 | -2.02 | .045 |
Family presence during CPR is beneficial to the patient's outcome | 2.71±0.92 | 2.70±0.78 | 0.14 | .886 |
Total | 2.68±0.47 | 2.48±0.43 | 3.08 | .002 |
Table 4.
Items | Physicians (n=98) | Nurses (n=99) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
M±SD | M±SD | |||
Family presence during invasive procedure prevents family members developing distorted images or wrong ideas of CPR process | 2.98±0.90 | 3.24±0.82 | -2.15 | .033 |
Family members will suffer negative long-term emotional effects if they are present during CPR | 3.52±0.78 | 3.85±0.58 | -3.36 | .001 |
Rates of legal action against staff will increase because family members may misunderstand the actions of procedure team | 3.28±0.85 | 3.40±0.77 | -1.12 | .266 |
Family presence during CPR helps family members to know that everything is being done for the patient | 3.27±0.79 | 3.61±0.57 | -3.46 | .001 |
The procedure team are likely to perform more carefully CPR if a family member present | 3.02±0.77 | 3.14±0.80† | -1.08 | .280 |
Family presence during CPR creates a stronger bond between family and nursing team | 2.96±0.72 | 2.87±0.65 | 0.93 | .354 |
Family presence during CPR is not beneficial to the patient‘s outcome | 3.20±0.91 | 2.97±0.73 | 1.99 | .048 |
Family presence during CPR helps the family member with the grieving process, if the patient does not survive | 2.94±0.87 | 2.79±0.91 | 1.19 | .235 |
Family presence during CPR prolongs emotional readjustment at the loss of family member | 3.19±0.73 | 2.96±0.89 | 2.02 | .045 |
Family presence during unsuccessful CPR is important because it enables family members to share the last moments with patient | 3.21±0.88 | 3.35±0.79 | -1.17 | .242 |
Total | 2.92±0.34 | 2.98±0.39 | -1.22 | .225 |