Journal List > J Korean Foot Ankle Soc > v.19(3) > 1043343

Kim, Gwak, Lee, Jeong, and Roh: Comparison of the Results between Cadaveric and Radiological Measurements of Calcaneus

Abstract

Purpose

We wanted to compare the results between cadaveric and radiological measurements of calcaneus.

Materials and Methods

Sixty three calcaneus of 33 cadavers donated between December 2012 and December 2014 were actually measured. Computed tomography (CT) images of 244 calcaneus in 122 patients of the same age group with cadavers were radiologically measured. Maximum length, maximum width, maximum height, Böhler angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were measured.

Results

In cadaveric measurement, the mean maximal height, length, and width were 41.8±3.3 mm, 73.3±3.4 mm, and 40.7±2.2 mm, respectively. In radiological measurement, the mean maximal height, length, and width were 38.5±4.3 mm, 74.0±5.7 mm, and 44.7±1.4 mm, respectively. In cadaveric measurement, the mean Böhler angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were 32.1o±6.2o, 110.8o±8.1o, 55.8o±6.8o, and 59.7o±4.6o, respectively. In radiological measurement the mean Böhler angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were 32.6o±3.8o, 113.7o±5.7°, 62.2°±3.9°, and 61.6°±6.3°, respectively. The mean maximal height was significantly higher in the cadaveric measurement group (p<0.001) and the mean maximal length and width were significantly higher in the radiologic measurement group (p<0.001, p<0.001). The mean Gissane angle, Fowler-Philip angle, and Böhler angle were significantly higher in the CT group (p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.016, respectively). There was no significant difference in the mean tala-articular angle (p=0.352).

Conclusion

Significant differences in length parameters were observed between the cadaveric measurement group and the radiologic measurement group. However, no significant differences in angular measurements were observed between the two groups. The authors carefully conclude that radiological measurement values may be different from actual values in the calcaneus.

References

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Figure 1.
This photograph shows an example of severely decayed cadaver.
jkfas-19-102f1.tif
Figure 2.
Actual measurement of calcaneus in cadaver. (A) L: maximum length of calcaneus, H: maximum height of calcaneus. (B) W: maximal width of calcaneus. (C) B: Böhler angle, G: Gissane angle. (D) T: tala-articular angle, F: Fowler-Philip angle.
jkfas-19-102f2.tif
Figure 3.
Radiologic measurement of calcaneus using computed tomography images. (A) L': maximum length of calcaneus, H': maximum height of calcaneus. (B) W': maximal width of calcaneus. (C) B': Böhler angle, G': Gissane angle. (D) T': tala-articular angle, F': Fowler-Philip angle.
jkfas-19-102f3.tif
Table 1.
Demographic Data in Cadaveric Measurement and Radiological Measurement Groups
Index Group A (n=33) Group B (n=122)
Gender    
 Male 11 (33.3) 77 (63.1)
 Female 22 (66.7) 45 (36.9)
Age (yr)    
 Male 68.5±10.6 (54∼90) 67.5±10.6 (52∼90)
 Female 77.2±7.0 (62∼91) 75.4±5.4 (62∼92)
 Total 74.1±9.5 (54∼91) 77.3±6.2 (52∼92)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation (range). Group A: cadaveric measurement group, Group B: radiologic measurement (computed tomography) group.

Table 2.
Comparison of Measurements between Cadaveric and Radiological Measurement Groups
Index Group A Group B p-value
Height (mm) 41.8±3.3 38.5±4.3 <0.001
Length (mm) 73.3±3.4 74.0±5.7 <0.001
Width (mm) 40.7±2.2 44.7±1.4 <0.001
Böhler angle (o) 32.1±6.2 32.6±3.8 0.352
Gissane angle (o) 110.8±8.1 113.7±5.7 0.001
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 55.8±6.8 62.2±3.9 <0.001
Tala-articular angle (o) 59.7±4.6 61.6±6.3 0.016

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Group A: cadaveric measurement group, Group B: radiologic measurement (computed tomography) group.

Table 3.
Comparison of Measurements in Males between Cadaveric and Radiological Measurement Groups
Index Group A Group B p-value
Height (mm) 43.7±2.1 38.3±4.2 <0.001
Length (mm) 72.9±2.1 74.9±5.9 <0.001
Width (mm) 40.5±1.4 44.8±1.3 <0.001
Böhler angle (o) 33.7±7.3 32.6±3.9 0.051
Gissane angle (o) 116.7±5.8 113.8±5.9 0.217
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 56.4±3.8 62.1±3.9 <0.001
Tala-articular angle (o) 57.0±4.0 62.5±6.1 <0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Group A: cadaveric measurement group, Group B: radiologic measurement (computed tomography) group.

Table 4.
Comparison of Measurements in Females between Cadaveric and Radiological Measurement Groups
Index Group A Group B p-value
Height (mm) 40.9±3.4 38.7±4.4 <0.001
Length (mm) 73.5±3.9 73.4±5.2 <0.001
Width (mm) 40.8±2.5 44.4±1.5 <0.001
Böhler angle (o) 31.3±5.5 32.6±3.5 0.971
Gissane angle (o) 107.8±7.4 113.3±5.2 <0.001
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 55.6±7.8 62.4±3.8 <0.001
Tala-articular angle (o) 61.1±4.3 60.0±6.4 0.297

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Group A: cadaveric measurement group, Group B: radiologic measurement (computed tomography) group.

Table 5.
Result of Intra-observer Reliability Analysis between Two Measurers
Index Intraclass coefficient
Height 0.813
Length 0.912
Width 0.832
Böhler angle 0.801
Gissane angle 0.810
Fowler-Philip angle 0.821
Tala-articular angle 0.811
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