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Hyun-Ho Shin1, Seunghoon Han2, Dong-Seok Yim2, Dong-Gun Lee3
, Chulmin Park4, Si-Hyun Kim3, Jae-Cheol Kwon3, Kyung-Wook Hong3, Sun-Hee Park3, Su-Mi Choi3, Jung-Hyun Choi3, Jin-Hong Yoo3
, Chulmin Park4, Si-Hyun Kim3, Jae-Cheol Kwon3, Kyung-Wook Hong3, Sun-Hee Park3, Su-Mi Choi3, Jung-Hyun Choi3, Jin-Hong Yoo3
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important gram-positive pathogens in many clinical situations. Use of vancomycin against methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) has been anecdotally associated with treatment failure, which could be attributable to an inoculum effect (IE). Using a neutropenic mouse thigh infection model, we tried to evaluate the in vivo IE of vancomycin against S. aureus.
Materials and Methods
Twenty strains of S aureus were used. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Six-week-old specific-pathogen-free, female CD-1 mice weighing 23-27 grams were used. The neutropenic mice received inoculations of 5.02-5.74 log10 CFU/thigh in one thigh (low inoculum, LI), and 7.22-7.73 log10 CFU/thigh in the other thigh (high inoculum, HI) before therapy. The mice were treated with 6 hourly subcutaneous doses of vancomycin (3.125-100 mg/kg) for 24 h. Single-dose serum pharmacokinetics of vancomycin was determined. Dose-response data were analyzed by an Emax model using non-linear regression. Static doses and area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for bacteriostatic effect at each inoculum were calculated and compared. The ratio of static dose and AUC/MIC between HI and LI (IE index) provided the magnitude of IE for each organism.
Results
Five methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) strains and 15 MRSA strains were used. Vancomycin MICs of the 20 strains varied by 4-fold (0.5-2 mg/L). The AUC/MIC ratio was the major parameter determining the efficacy of vancomycin against S aureus . Mean (range) static dose on LI and HI was 20.7 (11.8-35.1) and 136.7 (32.1-314), respectively. The mean IE index of static dose between them was 7.39. Mean (range) of AUC/MIC on LI and HI was 27.0 (6.61-66.6) and 152.3 (46.2-344), respectively, which produced a mean IE index of AUC/MIC of 7.47. The IE indices of the MSSA strains were significantly higher than those of the MRSA strains (11.3 vs. 6.1 on static dose [P=0.018], 11.4 vs. 6.2 on AUC/MIC [P=0.034]).
Conclusions
With a 100-fold inoculum increment of S aureus , at least a 7-fold dose of vancomycin would be required to show the same bacteriostatic effect. Thus, IE as well as MICs is an important parameter in selecting and adjusting a dose and dosage interval along with the resistance profile in the treatment of S. aureus infections. IE to vancomycin observed in the in vivo neutropenic mouse model was more evident for MSSA strains than for MRSA strains.
Figures and Tables
Figure 1
Changes of mean white blood cell and neutrophil counts during cyclophosphamide treatment in the mouse model. Mice were rendered neutropenic (polymorphonuclear cell count <100/mm3, dashed horizontal line) for 4 days starting from 1 day before experiment by two subcutaneous injections of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg at 5 days and 100 mg/kg at 2 days before experiment or infection).
Figure 2
Serum vancomycin concentrations after administration of single doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg in neutropenic infected mice. Each symbol represents the mean±standard deviation of the levels in the sera of three mice. The dashed horizontal line represents the analytic sensitivity threshold (2 mg/L).
Figure 3
Correlation of vancomycin PK/PD indices with efficacy against S. aureus ATCC29213. Each circle represents the mean data from three mice. The dashed horizontal line is the starting inoculum (6.8 log10 CFU/thigh). R2 is the coefficient of determination.
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