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Abstract
Contamination with sanitary microorganisms from Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families in flower bee pollen from Bulgaria after one-year vacuum-packed cold storage has been found. Dried flower bee pollens intended for human consumption were with high incidence rate of contamination with Pantoea sp. (P. agglomerans and P. agglomerans bgp6) (100%), Citrobacter freundii (47%), Proteus mirabilis (31.6%), Serratia odorifera (15.8%) and Proteus vulgaris (5.3%). Bee pollens were also positive for the culture of microorganisms from Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families: Staphylococcus hominis subsp hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. It was concluded that, if consumed directly, the vacuum-packed cold stored dried bee pollen, harvested according hygienic requirements from bee hives in industrial pollution-free areas without intensive crop production, is not problem for healthy human.
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Table 1.
Water activity (a w) and total count of microorganisms from the family Enterobacteriaceae on flower bee pollen from different regions of Bulgaria (n=32)
| Regions | Dried bee pollen | Regions | Fresh bee pollen | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water activity (a w/℃) | Enterobacteriaceae (CFU/g) | Water activity (a w/℃) | Enterobacteriaceae (CFU/g) | ||
| Lovetch (n=1) | 0.388/23.8℃ | 7.5 × 102 | Vratsa (n=2) | 0.715/20.8℃ | 1.32 × 104 |
| Strandzha (n=4) | 0.450/21.9℃ | 8.5 × 103 | Strandzha (n=4) | 0.718/22.2℃ | 5 × 104 |
| Shoumen (n=6) | 0.183/20.2℃ | 3.6 × 103 | Shoumen (n=6) | 0.725/20.6℃ | 1.4 × 104 |
| Sliven (n=1) | 0.309/23.2℃ | 1.5 × 103 | Sliven (n=1) | 0.722/23.4℃ | 3.7 × 104 |
| V. Tarnovo (n=3) | 0.298/22.3℃ | 1.4 ×103 | - | ||
| St. Zagora (n=2) | 0.234/22.9℃ | Not detected∗ | - | ||
| Karlovo (n=2) | 0.403/25℃ | Not detected∗ | - | ||
Table 2.
Incidence rate of contamination with microorganisms from Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families on flower bee pollen from different regions of Bulgaria (n=32)
| Isolated species | Dried bee pollen (n = 19) | Fresh bee pollen (n = 13) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of samples contaminated | Incidence rate (%)∗ | No. of samples contaminated | Incidence rate (%)∗ | |
| Pantoea species | ||||
| Pantoea agglomerans | 13 (All regions except reg. Shoumen) | 68.4 | 3 (Vratsa and Sliven) | 23.0 |
| Pantoea agglomerans bgp 6 | 6 (Shoumen) | 31.6 | 10 (Shoumen and Strandzha) | 76.9 |
| Citrobacter species | ||||
| Citrobacter freundii | 9 (Lovetch, Shoumen, St. Zagora) | 47.3 | - | - |
| Proteus species | ||||
| Protе us vulgaris | 1 (Sliven) | 5.3 | 10 (Shoumen and Strandzha) | 76.9 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 6 (Shoumen) | 31.6 | 6 (Shoumen) | 46.1 |
| Serratia species | ||||
| Serratia odorifera | 3 (V. Tarnovo) | 15.8 | - | - |
| Serratia liquefaciens/ grimesii | - | - | 4 (Strandzha) | 30.7 |
| Escherichia species | ||||
| Escherichia coli | - | - | 8 (Vratsa and Shoumen) | 61.5 |
| Pseudomonas species | ||||
| Flavimonas oryzihabitans | - | - | 2 (Vratsa) | 15.3 |
Table 3.
Incidence rate of contamination with microorganisms from Staphylococcaceae family on flower bee pollen from different regions of Bulgaria (n=32)
Table 4.
Incidence rate of contamination with microorganisms from Bacillaceae and Micrococcaceae families on flower bee pollen from different regions of Bulgaria (n=32)
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