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Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are ubiquitous membranous structures in all Gram-negative bacteria, including pathogens and non-pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria also release membrane-derived vesicles (MV). Originating from the cell envelope, OMVs are enriched with bacterial antigen molecules that conduct multiple functions as decoys to manipulate the host immune system. Besides, OMVs and their components play diverse roles in nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and resistance to antibiotics. Despite the diverse benefits ascribed to OMVs, many questions remain unanswered with regard to OMV biogenesis and cargo selectivity. In this report, we review the advantages of vesiculation in the context of all bacteria and then focus on additional benefits acquired by OMVs in pathogenic bacteria.
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Figure 1.
Translocation of PagK1/PagK2/PagJ into the host cytoplasm. Translocation of PagK1, PagK2, and PagJ into the cytoplasm was examined using CCF4-AM cleavage (45). PagK homologue proteins were fused with β-lactamase (Bla), which can cleave CCF4-AM to change its emission spectrum from green to blue when it is translocated into the cytoplasm. RAW264.7 cells were infected with wild-type Salmonella and Bla fusion strains for 18 hours. As a positive control, SseJ (a well-studied virulence effector) was tagged with Bla and examined together. Cells were loaded with CCF4-AM for 2 h and the cleavage of fluorescent substrates was investigated at emission wavelengths of 528 nm (green) and 457 nm (blue). Salmonella expressing Tomato fluorescence (pWKS30-Tomato) are shown in red.
Table 1.
OMV-associated virulence proteins
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