The Negative Effects of Job Stress on Individual, Its Family, and Community : Development of the Scale and Its Validation

Jong-Min Woo; Jinkook Tak; Jinjoo Chung; Ji-Yeon Cho

doi:10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.4.432

Journal List > J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc > v.55(4) > 1017827

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Woo, Tak, Chung, and Cho: The Negative Effects of Job Stress on Individual, Its Family, and Community : Development of the Scale and Its Validation

Original Article

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2016; 55(4): 432-442.

Published online: 30 November 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.4.432

The Negative Effects of Job Stress on Individual, Its Family, and Community : Development of the Scale and Its Validation

Jong-Min Woo, MD, MPH, PhD¹, Jinkook Tak, PhD², Jinjoo Chung, MD, PhD³, Ji-Yeon Cho, MS²

¹Korea Employee Assistance Professionals Association, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Industrial Psychology, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea.

³Institute for Society and Health, Seoul, Korea.

Address for correspondence: Jinkook Tak, PhD. Department of Industrial Psychology, Kwangwoon University, 20 Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea. Tel +82-2-940-5424, Fax +82-2-941-9214, tak@kw.ac.kr

Received 18 February 2016 Revised 16 May 2016 Accepted 8 June 2016

Abstract

Objectives

This study was designed to develop and validate a scale for measuring the negative effects of job stress on an individual, its family, and its community.

Methods

Based on open-ended questions, interviews, and expert comments, 73 preliminary scale items consisting of 12 factors were assembled. The initial survey was administered to 344 employees in order to conduct item analyses, reliability tests, and factor analyses of the stress assessment scale. The results of the factor analyses indicated that an 8 factor model comprising 43 items was most meaningful. For the final survey, data were obtained from 2732 employees.

Results

Factor analysis of the final survey data showed that the developed 8 factor model was appropriate for its intended use. Results of correlation analyses showed that the assessment scale was significantly related to stress response, thereby confirming convergent validity, and was related to various criteria including life satisfaction, hope, optimism, and subjective happiness, thereby confirming criterion-related validity.

Conclusion

A scale useful in the assessment of negative effects on job stress on workers and on their community members including their families was developed and validated.

Keywords: Job stress, Reliability, Validity, Worker, Family

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Types of interviewees (preliminary study 1)

Table 2

Demographic characteristics of the respondents (preliminary survey) (n=344)

Employment period : 2-444 months (37 years), mean : 146.44 months, SD : 110.58 months

Table 3

Result of an exploratory factor analysis (preliminary survey)

Factor loadings above 0.20 are presented. Factor 1 : Relationship weakening, Factor 2 : Interpersonal sensitivity, Factor 3 : Negative social values, Factor 4 : Anti-social behavior, Factor 5 : Confidence weakening, Factor 6 : Leisure reduction, Factor 7 : Social indifference, Factor 8 : Family disconnection

Table 4

Results of reliabilities of the eight factors (preliminary survey)

Table 5

Demographic characteristics of the respondents (main survey) (n=2732)

Employment period : 1-486 months (40 years and 6 months), mean : 151.43 months, SD : 104.30 months

Table 6

Results of factor analysis of the eight factors (main survey)

Factor loadings above 0.20 are presented. Factor 1 : Interpersonal sensitivity, Factor 2 : Relationship weakening, Factor 3 : Anti-social behavior, Factor 4 : Leisure reduction, Factor 5 : Negative social value, Factor 6 : Family disconnection, Factor 7 : Confidence weakening, Factor 8 : Social indifference

Table 7

Results of reliabilities of the factors (main survey)

Table 8

Relationships between negative outcome factors of job stress and criteria (main survey)

^** : p<0.01

Notes

^{Conflicts of Interest} The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

References

1. Chang SJ, Koh SB, Kang MG, Cha BS, Park JK, Hyun SJ, et al. Epidemiology of psychosocial distress in Korean employees. J Prev Med Public Health. 2005; 38:25–37.

2. Charbonneau A, Bruning W, Titus-Howard T, Ellerbeck E, Whittle J, Hall S, et al. The community initiative on depression: report from a multiphase work site depression intervention. J Occup Environ Med. 2005; 47:60–67.

3. Woo JM, Kim W, Hwang TY, Frick KD, Choi BH, Seo YJ, et al. Impact of depression on work productivity and its improvement after outpatient treatment with antidepressants. Value Health. 2011; 14:475–482.

4. Woo JM, Hyun SY, Lee SH, Kang SG, Lee JS, Kim L, et al. Productivity time lost by sleep disturbance among workers in Korea. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2011; 50:62–68.

5. Park YL, Kim W, Chae JH, Oh KS, Frick KD, Woo JM. Impairment of work productivity in panic disorder patients. J Affect Disord. 2014; 157:60–65.

6. Martin A, Fisher CD. Understanding and improving managers' responses to employee depression. Ind Organ Psychol. 2014; 2:270–274.

7. Sohail M, Rehman CA. Stress and health at the workplace-a review of the literature. J Bus Stud Q. 2015; 6:94–121.

8. Griffin ML, Hogan NL, Lambert EG, Tucker-Gail KA, Baker DN. Job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout of correctional staff. Crim Justice Behav. 2010; 37:239–255.

9. Kashefi M. Job satisfaction and/or job stress: the psychological consequences of working in ‘high performance work organizations’. Curr Sociol. 2009; 57:809–828.

10. Chao MC, Jou RC, Liao CC, Kuo CW. Workplace stress, job satisfaction, job performance, and turnover intention of health care workers in rural Taiwan. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015; 27:NP1827–NP1836.

11. Govind K, Ratchagar I, Ruby Violet Rani E. Job stress in relation to mental health among the college teachers. Annamalai Int J Bus Stud Res. 2014; 6:35–46.

12. Hu Y, Wang D, Xu G, Xu P. The relationship between work stress and mental health in medical workers in East China. Soc Behav Pers. 2014; 42:237–244.

13. Cdc.gov [homepage on the Internet]. Atlanta: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health;updated 2014 Jun 6. cited 2015 Aug 29. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/.

14. Caplan RD, Jones KW. Effects of work load, role ambiguity, and type A personality on anxiety, depression, and heart rate. J Appl Psychol. 1975; 60:713–719.

15. Hsiao HY, Mor Barak ME. Job-related stress, social support, and work–family conflict among Mexican workers in a multinational company: a case study of a Korean-owned, US-branded former “sweatshop” in Mexico. Int J Soc Welf. 2014; 23:309–320.

16. Hagihara A, Miller AS, Tarumi K, Nobutomo K. Social support has both positive and negative effects on the relationship of work stress and alcohol consumption. Stress Health. 2003; 19:205–215.

17. LeCompete MD. Analyzing qualitative data. Theory Pract. 2000; 39:146–154.

18. Choi SM, Kang TY, Woo JM. Development and validation of a modified form of the Stress Response Inventory for workers. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006; 45:541–553.

19. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985; 49:71–75.

20. Choi YH, Lee HK, Lee DG. Validation of the Korean version of Snyder’s Dispositional Hope Scale. Korean J Soc Pers Psychol. 2008; 22:1–16.

21. Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994; 67:1063–1078.

22. Kim SH. Psychological characterristics of realistic and unrealistic optimists [dissertation]. Seoul: The Catholic University of Korea;2003.

23. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper HS. A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc Indic Res. 1999; 46:137–155.

24. Trenberth L, Dewe P. The importance of leisure as a means of coping with work related stress: an exploratory study. Couns Psychol Quart. 2002; 15:159–172.

TOOLS

Similar articles